Is Riothamus the or a possible origin of "(King) Arthur"? Below we have collated all possible similar parallels between the stories of Riothamus and Arthur. From this list of parallels it looks like it is difficult to say for sure whether Riothamus is or isn't a likely origin of Arthur. In my paper Who Was Arthur I surveyed 34 candidates for the original Arthur and I concluded that the 3 most likely candidates are Ambrosius, Vortimer, or Ethelbert. It looks like Riothamus is abit more likely than I thought when I finished that paper, though I'm not sure if he is as likely as the 3 mentioned candidates. But some of the intriguing parallels below do make me wonder if Riothamus is likely to be the same as Ambrosius and/or Vortimer, and since both these latter are strong candidates for being Arthur it may mean Riothamus might indeed possibly be Arthur.
Riothamus' name is variously read Rigotamos, Riothamus, Riothamo, Riutimus, Riotamos, Riatha(m), Riat(h)am, Riatav, R(h)iadaf, Rhiotavwys, Rhundremrud, some of which readings are maybe similar to Arthmael or Artorius/Arthur/Artus or Arthus or Artognou or Athrwys/Atroys or Arthwys/Arthuis (or Garthwys) or Arthwyr or Vortimer or Ambrosius/Emrys or Aurelius or Rhittagawr/Ritho/Rience or Artemis or Rustem/Rustam or Rutupi or Hamo's Port (HRB) or Rothmund?
Riothamus' name means "great/high/superlative/supreme king" or "most kingly, king-most, kingliest" or "freest", which meaning might relate to either
Gwledig Macsen / Maximus whose name means "great(est)", or
Vortigern "great king, overlord", or
Ambrosius who was "great king among Britons" (HB), or
"Magnanimous Arthur" (HB), or
Arthur (ard "high" vawr "great"), or
Arthur is supposed to have been a king / high king / emperor (HRB/DGB), or
"the great king Mailcun" (HB 62) & "Maelgwn was a great king of the Britons" (Saints Lives).
Riothamus was called king of the Britons by Jordanes, though he might match Riatham a prince of Domnonee (Brittany).
Arthur is supposed to have been a British king / high king / emperor.
Ambrosius who was "great king among Britons" (HB).
Riatham's brother Riwal is duke, Arthur is dux, Ambrosius is duce.
Riatham is father of Ionas.
Iona is a companion of Arthur in Culhwch & Olwen.
Riothamus was a Romano-British "military leader", and he fought against the Getae/Goths/Visigoths. (Riothamus came with 12000 men, and Riatham may be brother of Riwal who came with many ships.)
Arthur was a miles "soldier" and dux bellorum "leader of battles" of the Britons, and he fought against Pagans/Saxons/dog-heads (HB, Irish HB, LF, PG, HRB/DGB).
The leader at Badon in Gildas seemingly can only be Ambrosius.
Or, at the same time as Riothamus and in the same source that mentions him there is also a Count Paul who with the Romans and Franks made war on the Goths (Gregory of Tours), which also/alternatively resembles Arthur (who may have functioned like a Count of the Saxon Shore, and whose 9 battle sites in the ND might match the 9 Saxon Shore sites).
Riothamus fought Goths (Germanic/Teutonic/Nordic).
Arthur conquered Gothland in the HRB/DGB.
Arthur fought Saxons (Germanic/Teutonic/Nordic) in the HB etc.
Riothamus was Romano-British.
Riatham is in a Latin Breton genealogy.
Arthur is supposed to have been British/Welsh and maybe Roman.
Ambrosius was "half Roman" (OEC). (Ambrosius is a Roman whose parents wore the purple in the DEB.
Ambrose/Embres/Emrys is son of no (mortal) father/man or of a Roman consul and a woman of Campus Electi in Glevesing (Bassalig in Monmouth) in the HB. Ambrosius's parents are not mentioned in the HB.
Ambrosius is son of Constantine in the HRB. Merlin is son of no father or an unknown father or a person in the shape of a young man (possibly an incubus) and a daughter of the king of Dimetia or of noble birth at St Peter's, Carmarthen.)
Riothamus' date is circa 458/460/467/468/469/470/472.
Ambrosius has a dates range of 400 - 4 + 12 (HB), or ca 429-450/456 (1st victory, Bede's EH), or 455 ("ASC", Brynjulfson), ca 460 (Brynjulfson), or "460-470" ("Ambrosius' battles"), or between 460 & 470/542 (numbers slain as dates, HRB/DGB), or 467 ("AC", Brynjulfson), or in the time of Zeno 474-491 (Bede), or 479 (major chronicle annals, Wiki), or 5658 + 373 + 28 + 12 (HB).
Arthur's maximum dates range in traditional Arthurian sources is 421-547/560/584 (and 631-650/665).
Malory has the Grail quest in 450.
The HRB/DGB has 460 slain in the Long Knives massacre, and has 470 slain in Arthur's battle of Badon/Bath, and some think that the number slain may be a date.
Arthur's first few battles in the HB might match the 455, 457 & 465 battles in the ASC.
Arthur might match Vortimer who was around in circa 455/457-466/473.
Malory's Morte is 1000 yrs from 470.
Arthur is not mentioned in the Gallic chronicles (452 & 511).
Arthur might be Vortimer who was son of Vortigern whose dates range is 390 (Kamlesh G), 396-400 (HB) to 425/426/428 (Hergest) to 447 (HB), 449 (ASC), 455 (ASC).
Gildas' dates range is 421 to 570/572
Badon is year 71/72 in the Welsh Annals.
Riothamus is connected with Euric (in Jordanes) who lived in circa 440-484 which is a 44 yrs period.
Riothamus is connected with Geatica chapter/section 45.
Riothamus was a contemporary of the 45th/46th/47th pope.
Arthur is the leader at Badon in the HB section 50/56, and Badon is connected with a period of 40/43/44/45 yrs in the DEB of Gildas (whose maximum traditional dates range is 421-572). (The leader at Badon in th DEB seems to be Ambrosius.)
Jordanes wrote about Riothamus only about 80 yrs (2 x 40) after his presumed death.
Ambrosius was "83 yrs old".
St Patrick 80 yrs (HB)?
Some think Gildas wrote about Badon 40/44 yrs after the event.
Gildas might have died aged 78 (one of Evans three scenarios)?
Riothamus was contemporary with the 45th pope Leo Magnus (440-461) & 46th pope Hilarius (461-468) & 47th pope Simplicius (468-483).
Arthur is supposed to be contemporary with pope Supplicius in the HRB/DGB (who is either Simplicius, or Symmachus of 446 or 485 or 498-514 or 522), and also contemporary with the emperor Leo and/or emperor Lucius Tiberius in the HRB (despite the HRB having the date of Camlan as 542).
Patrick was a contemporary of the 43rd pope Celestine in the HB, and Arthur's battles come immediately before or after the Patrick section in the HB.
Atilla was a contemporary of the 45th pope Leo.
It is interesting that Arthurian sources feature the 43rd & 45th & 47th popes who are all close together.
Riothamus was last seen/heard of somewhere near Mt Dol / Deols or Avallon/Bourges in Burgundy or some other place elsewhere in Burgundy in Gaul/France. It is not known what became of Riothamus after the battle of Deols.
Arthur's body was taken to Avalon/Avallon in the HRB/DGB.
"KA's grave not known", "an eternal wonder is the grave of Arthur" (Black Book of Carmarthen), "nowhere seen" (William of Malmesbury).
Deols maybe resembles Samson of Dol/Dole (Brittany), Mont-Dol (Mont Saint Michel), Castle Dore, Eldol, Carduel, or the Mt and -don of Mt Badon? Some have linked Angers/Andegavum & Bourges/Bretagne & Mt Dol / Deols/Mt Dol in primary sources on Riothamus with Agned/Bregion & Montem Dolorosum' "the Mountain of Sorrow".
Riothamus may have crossed over from Britain to Gaul/France, and he was certaily in Gaul/France/Burgundy. Riothamus might be the same as Riatham the brother or grandson of Riwal(us) dux/duke of the Britons who went across from Britain to Brittany in the time of Clothar (ca 497-561) in the Latin Breton Genealogy of St Winnoc (11th cent).
Ambrosius was in Gaul/France or Armorica/Brittany in the HRB/DGB.
Arthur crossed over from Britain to Gaul/France in the HRB/DGB. Arthur has alot of French & Breton ties in later literature.
Riothamus may have come from Britain. *
Arthur was in "(the island of) Britain" (DEB, HB, HRB/DGB, AC).
(* If Riothamus only came from Brittany why did he cross the ocean? Sure sea power came before landpower in geopolitics, but it seems strange coming to Gaul/France from Brittany by ship. And as we have noted, Riothamus' crossing is similar to Riwal's, and the latter's is said to be from Britain.
Also wouldn't such a large number of men as 12000 better fit Britain than Brittany?)
Riothamus features in the Historia Francorum of Gregory of Tours.
Arthur deatures in the Historia Britonum of Nennius/Mark.
Riothamus may match Riatham prince of Domnonee.
Ambrosius was son to the king of Dumnonii.
Geraint of Devon?
Some people think Arthur was in the Lyonesse / Cornwall / Devon/Danmonia / Somerset / Dorset corner of England (Tintagel, Cam/Camel, Cadbury, Glastonbury, Bath, Badbury).
Sidonius Apollinaris sent a letter to Riothamus requesting his judgement for a person who had had his slaves enticed away by a group of Britons, and asking for help to quell unrest among the Bretons.
Emperor Anthemius requested Riothamus' help against the Goths.
Arvandus sent a letter to Euric saying the Britons should be attacked.
Riothamus was betrayed by the praetorian prefect of Gaul.
Compare the above with these following from Arthurian sources:
Britons sent appeals for help to Aetius.
Aetius & Anthemius are similar?
(An Egidius also appears in Gregory of Tours too, and his name is also similar to Agitius/Aetius. Aegidius 464?)
Lucius Tiberius sent letter to Arthur demanding tribute (HRB/DGB).
Some of Lucius Tiberius' men "surrender themselves for slaves" (HRB).
Riothamus is contemporary of Lucerius 469-470 who might be the origin of Lucius Tiberius who Arthur fought.
Riothamus was a contemporary of the emperor Julius Valerius Majorian, Libius Severianus Severus, Procopius Anthemius, Anicius Olybrius, Leo I the Great/Butcher.
Arthur was supposedly a contemporary of the emperor Leo and/or emperor Lucius Tiberius/Hiberius in the HRB/DGB, and Arthur was supposedly emperor in some sources. (Note: king Lucius is king Lles in Welsh.)
Riothamus came with 12000 soldiers.
Riatham may be brother of Riwal who came with many ships.
Arthur was leader of battles for the kings of the Britons and fought 12 battles.
Arthur was at "(the) city of (the) legion(s)".
A full legion was 6000/6200 men & 300/730 horse.
840/940/960 slain at Badon (HB).
Natanleod and 5000 slain 508 (ASC)? Gwledig Naw Cant Lliwed "ruler of 900 (warrior) companies"?
Round Table of 12/24/150 knights?
Some think the Round Table was an amphitheatre. An amphitheatre could hold ... people.
Arthur had a legion of 6666 men in the HRB/DGB.
"Carmarthen / (city of the) 1000(0) (soldiers)"?
1000 sons (Taliesin)?
Baldulph had 6000 men (HRB).
Vortimer raised an army of 300000 men (HRB).
Ambrosius & Uther arrived with 10000 men including 3000 Armoricans/Bretons (HRB).
Uther had 15000 men (HRB).
Arthur sent Cador with 3000 footmen (HRB).
Hoel sent Arthur 15000 men (HRB).
Cador had command of 10000 men (HRB).
Hoel attended with 10000 men (HRB).
Arthur had a force of 60000 Britons plus 120000 from other provinces and 80000 + 1200 from Gaul totalling 183200 in his campaign against Lucius (HRB).
Arthur's force contained 7 bodies of 5555 men (HRB).
St Patrick ordained 3000 priests and baptised 12000 persons (HB).
Sidonius says Riothamus had a "burdensome and delicate sense of honour which makes you so ready to blush for others' faults".
Arthur was "magnanimous" in the HB.
Arthur "showed his bounty & munificence to the people" (HRB).
Ambrosius was "a modest man" in the DEB.
"an obscure and humble person" mentioned in Sidonius' letter to Riothamus may be similar to Ambrosius was a modest man in the DEB?
Riothamus may appear in Breton genealogies as Riat(h)am.
Ambrosius's name maybe appears in Breton genealogies as Abros.
There was a great plague at the time of Riothamus (Gregory of Tours).
This might match the plague at time of Camlan or the plague at the time of Maelgwn's death (Welsh Annals).
Riothamus and Childericus Aurilanus/Aurilanis/Orleans both appear in Gregory of Tours. Childeric's name is similar to Cherdic and Cerdic/Cedric who Arthur fights in the the HRB/DGB. Aurilanus is similar to the Aureli(an)us first/last name of Ambrosius, and/or Urien(s) and/or Urbe/Urbs legionis an/or Verulam which all feature in Arthurian sources.
Riothamus was maybe betrayed by one of his supposed allies Arvandus (disputed), and Riothamus was then defeated in the battle of Deols.
Arthur was betrayed by one of his advisers Mordred, and most of his army died at the battle of Camlan.
Riothamus may be Riatham who is connected with St Winnoc(h) whose name is similar to Guinnion (HB) or Guinevere/Winlogee (Modena Archivolt)?
Riothamus came against the Visigoths in between 470 and 472, and the emperor died in 472.
Arthur came against the Romans in Gaul and slew Lucius Tiberius.
Riothamus was routed by the Goths before the Romans could join him.
Arthur was defeated before Lancelot could join him?
Riothamus was stationed beyond the Loire.
Maybe compare Logiore in life of St Patrick (which comes immediately after/before the 12 battles of Arthur in the HB)?
Maybe Arthur Pen-dragon is from Riatham son of Deroch?
About the same time as Riothamus and in the same source that mentions him there is also a Count Paul(os) who with the Romans and Franks made war on the Goths, and after this Childeric came and slew him (Gregory of Tours).
This Count Paul might possibly connect with any of a number of persons with names like Paul in Arthurian sources.
St Paul/Pol Aurelian de Leon (Breton).
"St Peter & Paul escort pope Leo the great at meeting with Atilla" or "St Peter & Paul attend Leo & Atilla" (anonymous chronicler of medieval period, & Raphael).
Cavloc & Pavloc "Saul & Paul" in Sutton Hoo.
Count Paul(os) in the section of Gregory of Tours Historia Francorum which mentions Riothamus.
Pabo Post Prydain "Pillar of Britain" (Descent of the Men of the North, & Welsh Annals).
Peblig (24 kings & 33 cities document).
Relics of Paulenan (Vita Gurthiern, Saints Lives)?
Poulentus master of soliders, earth swallowed up (Vita Iltud)?
Paulinus/Polin Esgob/Pawl Hen (HB, AC, confounded with Rhun son of Urien or Maelgwn).
Ethelbert buried in the church of Peter & Paul at Canterbury?
The -pore of Vortipore's name maybe also resembles Pol/Paul?
From my surveyings of Arthurian sources there are also a number of Peter like names too, and it seem that Arthur may be connected with either or both the name Peter or Patrick, and/or the name Paul.
And/or Paul making war on the Goth resembles Arthur battling the Saxons (HB) and/or the Romans (HRB), and Paul being a Count might link with Arthur who "may have functioned like a Count of the Saxon Shore", and whose 9 battle sites in the HB might match the 9 Saxon Shore sites?
References/sources / acknowledgements/credits / bibliography:
Sidonius Apollinaris
Geoffrey Ashe
Biographies of early Breton Saints.
Sean Bambrough 'Who Was Arthur'.
Britannia.com
OM Dalton
Leon Fleur(i)ot
Chris Gwin (King) Arthur's Pedigree
Kamlesh G. arthurianweb.wordpress.com
Caleb Howells
Jordanes Gaetica / Origin & Deeds of the Goths ca 551
Latin Breton Genealogy of St Winnoc(h)
Christian Leutjohann
Mona E. comments in youtube.
CEV Nixon
Gregory of Tours Historia Francorum
Alan Wilson & Blackett The King Arthur Conspiracy, The Discovery of the Ark of the Covenant.
Wikipedia.
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Appended list of dates of main major Arthur candidates of others and/or ours. (Scholars/authors who proposed or support or agree with the candidates are in brackets after the name of the candidate. Sources of the dates are in brackets after the dates.)
Arthur: Draco & Ursa (Hitching), 3349 bc (Waddell), Bronze Age (Drou or Dale), Ursus 776-742 bc (me), the bear in Daniel, Deoartavo(i)s 47-67 (me), LAC 180 (Arthur, Infopedia), gen Ursicinus 349-359? 350/383 (Morris)? antipope Ursinus 366? 421 (CMSM or other source), contemporary of Gildas 421-512/572 (Sts Lives, DEB), Ursus 422? Badon/Halleluyah 429 (Bede), Badon 430-440 (Higham), grail 450/454/487 (Malory), not 452 (Gallic), 459-475 (Albericus), after Long Knives massacre 460 (HRB), during pope Hilarius 461 (Salzbury Annals, Polonius, Preis), during Aegidius 461-464 (Guise), "b 465"? during pope Supplicius 468-483 (HRB), Badon 470 (HRB), Badon 482 (easter cycle, McCarthy & OCroinin), Badon 485 (Snyder), Badon 485-520 (Wood), 486 (Wiki), grail 487 ad (Malory), Badon 490s (Wood), Badon 492/493-516 (Jackson, Evans, Cooper), , Badon 492/493 (DEB, Bede), Badon 494-497 (Morris), contemp of Cerdic 494/495-516/534 (HRB), Badon 496/497 (Wiki), 499-511/518 (Badon, Brynjulfson), Badon 500 (average, Dumville, Jackson, Wiki), Badon 501 (DEB, Evans), not 511 (Gallic), Badon 516/518 (AC, 24 kings doc, Kamlesh G, Ashe), subdues Ireland 519, Badon 520 (Wood, Ashe), died 537/539 (AC), great victory 540/640 (Shakespeare & the Welsh), died 542 (HRB, Stow & Warner), Badon 546 (AC), until Ida 547/560/584 (HB, ASC), Badon 554 (Hergest), Badon/Baodan/Baetan/Baitan 566/567, Badon/Wibbandune 568 (Bambrough), Arthuret 573 (AC), Camlan after Arthuret 573 (Triads), "abdicated in 574 (541 yrs after the crucifiction)", Camlan 576 (Hergest), peace ends 577 (Wiki), Badon 577, 580 (Simon Stirling), 582/586/588 (Ardrey), Arthari 586? 589/587/586 (queen Badda/Baddo as Badon), Badon/Woddesbeorg 591 (Bambrough), City of the Legion 602/614 (P Sullivan), Badon/Beandune/Bampton 614, Badon/Badr 624, Arthus 631-650 (Swedish king list), Badon 634 (ACb), great victory 640 (Shakespeare & the Welsh, 650 (Wace, Morris), Badon/Pontesbury 661 (Hunt), Badon/Luith Feirn/Fortrenn 664 (Ulster), Badon 665 (AC), Badon/Bedwin 675 (Charles, ASC), 700 (Arthur, Infopedia), Arthgen 807 (AC, Evans, me), Badon 840/940/960 (HB), Badon/Brunandune 939 (Bambrough)? Badon 940/960 (HB, Bambrough)? Alan of Brittany (Zoetropo).
Arthur in the Y Gododdin of 538, 570, Raith 596 (Wiki), Catraeth 598 (Wiki), Catraeth 600 (Wiki), 638, 668 (Ulster)
Aurelius Ambrosius / Ambrosius Aurelius / Merlin (HRB/DGB, L Fleuriot, Bambrough) : (Aurelius 145 ASC?) 400 - 4 + 12 (HB), 5658 + 373 + 28 + 12 (HB), ca 429-450/456 (1st victory, Bede's EH), 455 ("ASC", Brynjulfson), ca 460 (Brynjulfson), battles "460-470", between 460 & 470/542 (numbers slain as dates, HRB/DGB), 467 ("AC", Brynjulfson), in the time of Zeno 474-491 (Bede), 479 (major chronicle annals, Wiki), Pol Aurelian synod ca 545?, 573 (AC), Pol Aurelian de Leon d 575?
A(i)rt &/or Robin son of Art &/or Luthor/Liber son of Art (B Walker, Bambrough) : 552-540 bc, 414-407 bc, ad 220-250
Artuir Mac Aedan/Aethan (A Ardrey, DF Carroll, M Wood) after 558 (AC), 582 (A of C), fought 603 (ASC), before Aedan died 607 (AC), before Aidan died 651 (ASC)?
Ardaburius (S Bambrough) d 471 (Castelden)
Athrwys ap Meurig (Wilson & Blackett, C Howells, Mona E) after 584, 630, (849 AC, 939 AC.)
Arthwys ap Mar (Keegan)
Aethelbert/Ethelbert (Bambrough) born 552 (ASC), ascended 560 (ASC), fought/pursued 568 (ASC), r 594 (AC), 597, 604 (ASC), died 616 (Bambrough), 5618 am (ASC)
Arthus (Beorna or Sidney, Bambrough) 631-650 (Swedish king list, Hoeh)
Arthuret/Arfderyd/Armterid (Bambrough) before Camlan 537 (Triads), 573 (AC), 593 (Hergest)
Arthen (Bambrough) d 807 (AC, Evans)
Athelstan (Bambrough) Athelstaneford 836, d 898 (AC), victory 938 (AC), d 941 (AC)
Aurelius Ursicinus / "Mild King"? (Aspin, Bambrough) 350-450? 364? 408? treasure 418 (ASC)? booty/spoils 473? treasures 584? plunder 658? 684? 870?
Arthari 586
Atilla the Hun king (Bambrough) 434-453, war 443 (ASC)
Aelle the Tyrant (Bambrough) Alleuia victory 429? came 477 (ASC), 485, 490/491 (ASC), d ca 515, r 560 (ASC), Alleuia 580 (Gregory), 581, d 588 (ASC), Alleuia (Augustine), before 617 (ASC).
Andred (Bambrough) 477 (ASC), Cayburn 488 (local tradition), 490/491 (ASC), 756
Arviragus (Bambrough) 17 (24 kings doc), 46/47.
Artur father of Feradach ca 697
Arthur map Bicoir ca 620/625
Authari (Bambrough) 584-590
Amal (Bambrough) 530
Alaric (Bambrough)
Agilulf (Bambrough) 590/591-615/616
Bran/Brendan (Bambrough) b 584, d 574 (AC), d 577 (Brewers)
Constantine (Bambrough) 407, 589 (AC).
Cerdic/Cedric (K Han) interpreter of Hengist (HRB), arrived/shore 494/495 (ASC), 496 (Wiki), ford 508 (ASC), shore 514, 516, ascended/ford 519 (ASC), leaga 527, 530 (ASC), died 534 (ASC), 604-614, d 616 (AC), Ceretic of Elmet d 619 (Wiki), Caradog d 798 (AC)
Cunedda (Bambrough) 328-389, ear 5th c, 443/446, Condida d 571/577 (ASC)?
Cadwallon I Lawhir (Bambroudh) 55, 443-517
Cadwalla/Cadwallon II (Bambrough) 47 (24 kings doc), 55, seige 629 (AC), victory 630 (AC), d 631 (AC), 633 (ASC), 634, 635 (24 kings doc)
Catgulart/Cadwaladr/Ceadwall/Peter (Bambrough) 600s, field of leeks 633/640, 658, 664 (Hergest), d 682 (AC), 684 (Ethelwerd), 685 (ASC, 24 kings doc), 686 (ASC), 687 (ASC), d 688 (ASC), d 689 (HRB/DGB)
Count of the Saxon Shore (Dawson, Bambrough) : forts ca 270/293, 360 (Wiki), count Theodosius 368, 380, 395/400s/420/420s/428 (ND), revolt 452 (Wiki)?
Count Paul (Bambrough) 460/470
Crown found in East Anglia or Essex? (Bambrough).
Cissa/Assa (Bambrough) 477 (ASC), 490/492 (ASC/Ethelwerd), (Nothgyth Quest, History Files)
Dungart(h)/Domingart/Domangart (Bambrough) 558 (AC), 875 (AC)
Ethelric (Bambrough) 588 (ASC), 593 (ASC), bef Ethelings 617 (ASC), bef Ethelings 729 (ASC)
Ethelhere/Aethelhere (Bambrough) 655 (ASC)
Eliffer/Elifert (Bambrough) 573 (AC), 580 (AC)
Eliseg (Bambrough)
Geraint/Grant/Gerentius/Wuthgirete of Devon/Dumnonia (Bambrough) 500/501 (ASC), 710/712 (ASC, Ethelwerd)
Germanus of Auxerre (Bambrough) Halleluyah victory 429, 2nd visit 447, d 448, 480/480s (Vita)
Gap between the Bretwaldas 491-556/560, 670-802
Gartna(i)ch / Gartnait((h)boc) / Arthnac (D Bullen) 217-221, 536-543, 588-599, 663-669
Gildas Auctor (Bambrough) 421 (CMSM or other source)? b not later than 498 (Life of David), born "c 500", "gap in DEB 500-550" (Carroll)? wrote/died 512 (W of M), wrote 546 (1648 Habingtontranslation, HB 31), contemporary of Ainmericus/Ainmire 548-551, to Eire 565 (AC), contemporary of Ainmericus/Ainmire 566-569, died 570/572 (AC, Irish, Wiki), contemporary of Ainmericus/Ainmire 573-576, Hilda died 680 (ASC, Ethelwerd)?
Gwarddur/Gwarthur or Garthwys Hir in the Y Gododdin of 538, 570, Raith 596 (Wiki), Catraeth 598 (Wiki), Catraeth 600 (Wiki), 638, 668 (Ulster)
Golden Dragon banner at battle of Bereford/Hereford (Bambrough) 735, 752 (ASC), 756, 760 (Wiki)
Heliodorus (D Bullen)
Lucius Artorius Castus (L Malcor) (after 80s, after 114, after 117,) 121, (122?) 161? 166, (167? 170? 174? 175?) 180 (Infopedia), (181?) 184? 185 (Malcor), 191, (193? 196? 197? 211? 212?) 215? (227?) 232? (before 239, before 252.)
Lucius Artorius Castus (K Malone, H Nickel, CS Littleton & L Malcor, CS Littleton & AC Thomas, Infopedia) (after mid 1st cent,) mid/late 2nd cent &/or early/mid 3rd cent.
Lakenheath sword (Bambrough) 5th-7th cent.
Mildenhall (Bambrough).
Muircheartach Mor Mace(a)rc(a)/Macerp (D Pestano) brother Drust 408-453? (brother Necton 457-482?) brother Loarn 503-513? brother Fearghus 503/513-529? ruled/reigned 513-533, d 534, before Baetan 566/567/572/581/623.
Maximus (Bambrough) 381 (ASC), 383 (24 kings doc), Petronius Maximus 422?
Maelgwn (Bambrough) d 547/549 (AC), Mailcun 559? Coinmagil 571/577 (ASC)? at Arthuret 573 (DMT), 581 (24 kings), d 586 (Hergest), succeeded 590
Niall of the 9 Hostages (Bambrough) 377-405/450 (MRD, KRS)
Natanleod / Brettisc Cyning 508 (ASC)
No gains gap (Brynjulfson, Bambrough) 519-552 (ASC)
Ninnian (Bambrough) : longbefore 560 (ASC).
Odoacer/Adovacrius (Bambrough) ca 460/470 (Greg of Tours)
Pol Aurelian de Leon (Bambrough) David 10 years under Pol 514, synod ca 545, d 575
Pabo Post Prydain "Pillar of Britain" (Bambrough) 595
Peredur (Hunt, Bambrough) 573 (AC), 580 (AC), 593 (Hergest), bef 614 (Wiki)
pope Adeodatus (Bambrough)
pope Pelagius (Bambrough)
Riothamus (G Ashe, Mona E, L Fleuriot) 458/460/467/468/469/470/472
Rhodri Mawr (Bambrough) 720, d 754 (AC), d 877 (AC), bef 880 (AC), d 904 (AC), bef 909 (AC), bef 943 (AC), d 954 (AC)
Rothari (Bambrough) 636-628-652/653
Riwal(us) ca 497/511-558/561
Riat(h)am was either 1st or 2nd generation before Riwal (497/511-558/561), or brother of Riwal (497/511-558/561), or grandson of Riwal (497/511-558/561). *
Ritham is father/grandfather of Ionas/Iudual (511-558) and great great grandfather of Iudicael (629-639).
* In the Genealogy of St Winnoc we find that Riatham's date is either:
1. Riwal "II" & Ionas or Iudual are both 511-558. In which case Riatham as grandfather of Iudual or father of Jonas makes Riatham 2nd or 1st generation before Riwal "II" (of 497/511-558/561), and so Riatham could be Riothamus (of 460-470).
2. If the two Riwals in the two lists are the same then Riatham is Riwal's grandson and since Riwal is 497/511-558/561 Riatham as 2nd generation after Riwal is pretty surely too late for Riothamus (of 460-470).
3. If the Derochs are the same then Riatham is Riwal "II"'s brother, and Riwal of 497/511-558/561 is 25 + years after Riothamus was last heard of (458/460-470/472) and so Riatham may or may not be the same as Riothamus. This scenario might link with Riwal went across the sea with many ships from Britain to Brittany matches Riothamus crossed the ocean with 12000 maybe-from Britain to Gaul/France.
Recceswinth (Bambrough) 649-672
Rhun map Urien (Bambrough) 470 (HB), 626 (AC), 892
Sutton Hoo man (M Wood, Bambrough) coins 491-518, "500", over 100 yrs before not earlier than 620, coins 578-582-602, Maurice &/or Tiberius 583, coins 588/595-612, Woddesbeorg 591 (ASC)? "not earlier than 620", "640s/650/660"
St Benedict (Bambrough): born ca 480 (Wiki), shone 482 (ASC), (Bendigeid-fran/Bran/Brendan 484-577?) abandoned studies & left home ca 500, ascended to heaven 509 (ASC Cotton MS), rule of 516 (Dugdale, Dodsworth), left Subiaco & settled in Monte Cassino 529 (Benedict XVI), rule of 529 (Pears, Parker), died 536 (Matthew of Westminster), died 543 (Benedict XVI, Wiki), died ca 547 (tradition), (Pope Benedict 574-578/579?) mentioned in Gregory's Dialogues 593 (ASC, Wiki),
(Benedict Biscop/Baducing 628-689/690? Pope Benedict 635-685? Benedictus Crispus abp of Milan died 725/732?
Pope Benedict 983, 1022, 1058-1059?)
St Patrick/Maun/Moses (Bambrough) 365 books? b 387/389 (Brewer's), 403 (popular writers & folk piety), came 405 (HB), 421 (HB)? left 428 (AC), sent 429/430 (ASC), arrived/landed 432 (Irish Annals, Brewer's), 433 (Life of Patrick), arrival 438 (HB), d 457 (AC), consul 459? d 461/462 (Irish Annals, Brewer's), 492 (Irish Annals), letter to Coroticus 496-508, consul 500? relics 553 (60 yrs later, Irish Annals)
St Martin &/or 'Fred' the skeleton found in St Martin le Grand in Dover (Mintz, Bambrough) b 371 (Brewer's), d 400 (Brewer's), d 444 (ASC), calends Martii 538 (ASC)? St Martin's church Hwiterne long before 560 (ASC), Aureo 561, d 580 (Galicia), Martinus 641, Pope Martin 649-655, at St Martin's 1061.
Staffordshire Hoard (Bambrough) "680-740" or "7th-8th cent".
Theodosius the brown bear count SS 367/369, r 423 (ASC)
Urien(s) (Bambrough) 567, 575 (Wiki), 590, 596-597/600 (Wiki), before 626 (AC)
Ursus 422
Antipope Ursinus (Bambrough) 366
Ursus/White Bear/House of the Bear (Bambrough)
Vortigern 390 (Kamlesh G), 396-400 (HB 66), 400 (HB), 425/426/428 (Hergest), invite 447 (HB), invite 449 (ASC, Ethelwerd), fought 455 (ASC)
Vortimer (S Bambrough) 455/456/457-466/473 (HB, ASC, HRB, Evans, Aspin, Wiki).
Victor (Bambrough)
Following are dates of a few other persons who not necessarily/specifically candidates for being Arthur but who are connected with the question of when &/or who was Arthur.
Adrian 116 (ASC), 794/796 (Wiki).
Aetius: Avitus 423? Aetius 432/437? Atilla 443 (ASC)? groans/Aetius 446-454 (Wiki)? Severus Aequantius (HB)? Gratian Aequantius 447 (HB)? Avitus 455-456? Egidius 460/470 (Gregory of Tours)? Anthemius 460/470? Agapitus 517? Agapetus 535-536?
Augustine 595 (AC), 596 (ASC), 597 (ASC), 601 (ASC), 604 (ASC), 607 (ASC), 616 (ASC)
Ethelfrith 593 (ASC), 598 (Wiki), 603 (ASC)/607 (ASC), 616/617 (ASC, Wiki), 634 (ASC), 670 (ASC), 685 (ASC)
Eleutherius or Evaristus/Eucharistus 79 (Arundel, OEC), 97/99-105/107, 156 (HRB), 4160 (R of C), 161 (Arundel, OEC), 167 (HB, ASC), 171/174/175/177-185/189/193, 181 (24 kings doc), 189 (ASC),
Elmet 590 (Wiki), 633 (Wiki)
Gratian 379 (ASC), 381 (ASC)
Lothere 670 (ASC), 685?
Penda 626 (ASC), 628 (ASC), 629 (ASC), 633 (ASC), 642 (ASC), 645 (ASC), 655 (ASC), 656 (ASC), 657 (AC), 658 (ASC), 661 (ASC), 675 (ASC)
Paulinus / Pawl Hen / Polin Esgob 534, 601 (ASC), 625 (ASC), 626 (ASC), 627 (ASC), 634 (ASC), 644 (ASC)
Rheged 496 (Wiki), 730 (Wiki)
St David (Bambrough) born 458 (AC), born not later than 514 (Life of David), 10 yrs under Pol Aurelian 514, St David's 519/6th cent-1087, Ty Gwyn 527/528, great victory of Arthur on St David's (birth)day 540/640 (Shakespeare & the Welsh), died 544 (Usher), synod Llanddewi 545, 580s (Tigernach), buried by orders of Maelgwn late 6th cent (HRB), d in reign of Constantine, d 600/601 (AC, Brewer's), field of Leeks 633, great victory St David's day 640 (Shakespeare and the Welsh), St David's burnt 645 (AC).
(David's birth foretold by St Patrick. Gildas met David's pregnant mother. Gildas' birth not later than 498 mentioned in Life of David.)
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