Sodom found in Mesopotamian records?

 Sodom is possibly found in Sumerian and Akkadian as either/both of Su-edin(-ki)/Subartu/'Sumasti /Su-rum? and/or Shu-edin-hum/S(h)iri-hum / Shu-rum-hum? /Siru-hum? /Edin-hum? / Rum-hum? We will briefly discuss our reasons for seeing this match below.

Sodom name match and Siddim name match.
The name Su-edin or Su-rum is similar to Sodom/Saedom. Since d and r interchange in Hebrew, and since u and o often interchange, one can see that Surum exactly matches Sodom. (Furthermore, if the Solymites of some sources or the Somorrha/Somorrhon of Josephus match Sodom then we see confirmation of d & r & l versions and interchanges?) The variant Suedin is also not too dissimilar to Sodom or Siddim since m and n sometimes interchange in/between some languages.
For the variant name Shu-edin-hum/S(h)iri-hum / Shu-rum-hum? /Siru-hum? one can also see how similar it is to both Sodom and Siddim again with the d and r interchange in Hebrew.
Edin is synonymous with Sadu in the Epic of Gilgamesh, and Sadu is also similar to Sodom?

Eden match.
In Genesis it says the Sodom area was like the garden of the lord (Eden). Some also believe that the garden of Eden was in the Israel/Palestine area, or under the Dead Sea (which area Ezekiel says will on day be transformed into a fertile Eden-like place). We notice that the names Suedin "good Edin city/land" and Shuedinhum "garden Edin fruitful" have Edin and "garden" in them.

Plain match:
Sodom was among the "cities of the plain".
In the name Su-edin the word edin means "steppeland" or "plain".

Dead Sea match.
Sodom was in the Dead Sea area.
Suedin was near the Lower Sea. The Lower Sea is supposed to be the Indian Ocean, including the gulf of Aqaba. Though it could also/alternatively fit the Dead Sea. Sitchin similarly placed the waters of death mentioned in the Epic of Gilgamesh in the Dead Sea area.

Attacked match and Arioch match?
Sodom rebelled and was attacked by the 4 kings of the east including Arioch, and the 4 kings carried of their persons and possessions.
Suedin revolted and was attacked by Sargon/S(h)arru(m)(u)kin/Sarrugi/Lugalukin/Lugalgin(a) who carried of their possessions (refs Sargon's Chronicle, and Omens). Sarrugi/Sarrukin is maybe similar to Arioch.
Suedin/Subartu is also associated with Eannatum whose name might match Tidal (with an n & l interchange, and transposition, and exclusion of the -(u)m suffix).
Waddell supposed Suedin to also be associated with Etana/Etina/Gal, Urnina/Urnanshe/Uruash-khad, and Amadgal/Akurgal, whose names might link with Tidal, Chedorlaomer, and Amraphel? Though Waddell's scenario seems probably wrong.
Edin also appears in the Epic of Gilgamesh, and Gilgamesh is a candidate of ours for Kedorlaomer.

Sodom & Gomorrah match?
Sodom is associated with Gomorrah.
The Su or Suedin is also associated with the Gu or Guti/Gutium/Gutians or Guedin.

Possible location match.
Sodom was in Syria-Palestine and was west of Mesopotamia/Iraq.
Suedin/Subartu is supposed to have been in north-western Mesopotamia, and its name might be the origin of the name Syria.
Suedin was supposedly east of Sumeria/Akkad/Babyonia/Assyria, and east of Ansha(n) in Elam/Persia/Iran, but this might be disputable. Also, compass points reversed at one or more times in world history. In one version Suedin is "behind/back", and in Semitic the west is behind.
Suedin/Subartu is in the "north" in some later sources. But this could be a modern mistake, or an ancient confusion or relocation, or another namesake, or pre-directions/poles change.
Su- can also mean "south" in Indo-European.

Excluding Gertoux's very dubious Shutu match I haven't found or seen/heard of any other match for Sodom in Sumerian/Akkadian except for Sidamu in Eblaite records, or Sirim in the Urnina/Urnanshe plaque, or Sumadru/Sumaddi/Shuruppak in the Sumerian king list. The Eblaite one is very disputed.
 

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Regarding the claim that Tell el-Hammam matches Sodom, this is certainly wrong because:

Date is too late.
Middle Bronze Age and "1600s" bc is too late for Abraham who was ca 2000s in Massoretic (215 + 430 + 480 yrs before Solomon). Even more so too late when we consider that the conventional Egyptian/Palestinian/Mesopotamian dynasties/strata dates are too long/old by a few centuries and the true dates will be lower.

No name match.
Tell el-Hammam is not demonstrated to have name Sodom or Gomorrah associated with it in any sources?

Not never again inhabited:
The bible seems to say that Sodom and the other cities were never inhabited again (Genesis 19:25, Deut 29:23, 1 Ki 14:24? 1 Ki 22:46, Isa 1:9, Isa 13:20, Jer 49:18, Jer 50:40, Zeph 2:9), but Tell el Hammam was inhabited from the Chalcolithic to Middle Bronze Age, and from Iron Age II to Ummayad period.

Location has problems:
The bible implies that the whole plain was in danger (Genesis 19:17, 19:25, 19:28), so I fail to see why Jericho was not also wiped out.
It seems strange that there is no evidence of the fire and brimstone at Jericho if Sodom was at the northern end of the Dead Sea.

Misinterpretation, and uniformitarianism:
The whole Hammam theory is based on a misinterpretation of the verse that says Lot went towards the Jordan valley. But the verse says Lot went as far as Sodom. Also, the Jordan valley may have extended further down before the Dead Sea was filled up with water.
They are wrongly assuming the geography is the same now or was the same in later biblical times as it was in Abraham's time.

Not necessary destroyed by fire from sky:
I'm not so sure Hammam was destroyed by fire from the sky, and even if it was there were other similar instances in history like Elijah at Mt Carmel.
There is "no sulphur" at Hammam. The bible says it rained fire and brimstone/sulphur, not "cosmic blast" or "airburst" from meteorite. Jason Colavito says the claim that Hammam was destroyed by an airburst is "disputable".
There is no way Sodom was destroyed (Abraham's time) at the same time as Jericho's walls (Joshua's time) as theorists suggest.

Could Hammam be seen by Abraham from Hebron?
Sure, in Genesis 13 Abraham and Lot did look from Bethel & Ai over towards the cities of the plain. But Abraham later looked from Hebron/Mamre. If Abraham could see as far as Hammam from Hebron, then Abraham and Lot could see as far as the top/north half of the Dead Sea from Bethel/Ai. Besides Genesis 13 doesn't say they saw Sodom from Bethel, only that they saw the plain of the Jordan, and mentioning only Zoar, though it does mention the "cities of the plain".

There is a better match for the gateway of Sodom mentioned in Genesis: Imposing fortifications & gate(way) Bab ed Dra? West gate & new gateway n.e. side Bab edh Dhra ("gate of the arm")?

No one seems to consider the meanings of the names.

Sodom/Sedom "consuming, burning" / "scorch, burnt, volcanic, bituminous" / "fasten, fortify, strengthen" / "secret, mystery, hidden" (Hebrew).
Or
Su-edin(-ki)/Subartu/'Sumasti /Su-rum "good Edin (city/land)" (Sumerian/Akkadian).
Shu-edin-hum/S(h)iri-hum / Shu-rum-hum? /Siru-hum? /Edin-hum? / Rum-hum? "garden Edin fruitful" (Sumerian/Akkadian).
(Edin "steppe(land), plain".)

Gomorrah/Ghamorah/Amorah "heap" or "submersion, be deep, copious (water)" or "a pile of ruins" or "(corn) sheaf".

Ad(a)mah "fort" / "earthy".

Zeboiim/Zeboyim "deer (plural), goats, gazelles, roes" or "hyenas".

Bela "destroying, destruction".

Zoar/Segor "little, smallness" / "window/sky-light, enlightenment from above".

Lasha "cleft, fissure, break", "spring".

Emeq Siddim emeq "valley" of siddim "pitted vale" / "the plains, flats", or
'Salt Sea'.

Emeq Shaveh (Kiriathaim) emeq "valley" of shaveh "plain", or
Emeq ha-Melek "King's Dale/Valley".

'Kikkar ha Yarden/Jordan' from kikkar "circle, round (loaf of bread), circular disk for payment, tract/region, plain, valley, flat, low lying" and ha "the" and Yrdn "descender".

Kikkar "circle, round (loaf of bread), circular disk for payment, tract/region, the plain, valley, flat, low lying"

Eretz ha Kikkar from eretz "land/earth" (of) ha "the" kikkar "circle, round (loaf of bread), circular disk for payment, tract/region, plain, valley, flat, low lying".

'iyr/eer/arey ha Kikkar from iyr/eer/arei "cities" ha "of/the" kikkar "circle, round (loaf of bread), circular disk for payment, tract/region, plain, valley, flat, low lying"

Dubious relevance of Kikkar:
I can not see any "round/circular" valley/plain of the Jordan anywhere between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea. There is a small slightly circular area around Hammam and Jericho but it is too small to be the plain/valley of the Jordan or to match the cities of the plain/valley. So if kikkar "plain/valley" is circular then it must be in the Dead Sea, and/or else it is not "circular/round". 

"Such a large site not mentioned in bible must be Sodom":
As for Bronze Age Hammam being a larger area than Bronze Age Jericho and Jerusalem/Jebus/Salem, and comparable to Hazor, and not being mentioned in the bible "and so it can only be Sodom", either it is mentioned later in the bible (maybe as Abel-Shittim or Beth-Haram/Beth-Haran), or maybe it is not mentioned (perhaps because it may fall between Joseph and Joshua). Jericho was not mentioned until Joshua's time. To say it must be Sodom because it is not mentioned in the bible doesn't even make sense, because Hammam's occupation didn't end with the "airblast" that supposedly matches Sodom's destruction. It was also occupied later, and yet it still is not mentioned. The Hebrews were in the area before they crossed the Jordan and encountered Jericho, yet the text doesn't say "at/near Sodom". And since the "1600s" MBA date is a couple/few centuries too late it was occupied after Abraham's time anyway.


Based on tenuous bible development theories:
Despite people trashing the reliability of the bible on the basis of the Documentary Hypothesis and composition in Babylonian/Persian times, there is no proof that the biblical account is unreliable, and even the Documentary and late composition theory has some conflicting evidences to the contrary.

So for all the above reasons surveyed we can be totally certain that Hammam is not Sodom. Sodom is more likely to be either in the Lishan "tongue" or Bab edh Dhra area, or under the larger northern half of the sea, or south-east coast (Numeira area), or the Sedom/Usdum area. Compare the position of Tiahuanaco (Atlantis city) in relation to lake Titicaca (which is inverse to position of Eridu to Persian gulf).
(The plain of the 5 cities might be analogous to the Plain of Atlantis and the plain of Tiahuanaco. Though the biblical one is "circular/round" and low, while the Atlantis/Tiahuanaco one is rectangular and high.)
Sodom and Gomorrah might be like twin cities. Atlantis/Tiahuanaco is sometimes represented as a twin city/cities like a figure 8. In the map here http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2008/04/The-Discovery-of-the-Sin-Cities-of-Sodom-and-Gomorrah.aspx it looks like Jebel Usdum may be twin cities not just one? Josephus has a name Somorrha which may combine Sodom and Gomorrah?

Sodom's sin was not so much homosexuality, but because of "lies/lying, they were arrogant, pride, haughty, unconcerned, didn’t care about the poor/needy", and "addiction to highway robberies", and "did not hide their sin but paraded their sin" (Isa 3:9, Ezek  16:49, Rev 11:8).

Btw Sitchin says "pillar of salt" can be read "vapourised". So looking for a human shaped pillar is no use.

For further details not included here see my posts on Sodom or posts including Sodom
https://iwillnotbeassimilated.blogspot.com/2021/09/sodom-found-in-mesopotamian-records.html
https://www.academia.edu/50489867/Chedorlaomer_as_Gilgamesh_or_Uruashkhad
https://2rbetterthan1.wordpress.com/2015/11/15/finding-sodom-gomorrah/
https://biblehistory.createaforum.com/29/finding-chedorlaomer-amraphel/

References:
Alan Alford Gods of the New Millenium
Atlantipedia
Bible
Sean Bambrough
http://www.biblearchaeology.org
Collins
Jason Colavito
Epic of Gilgamesh
Eblaite texts
Enmerkar & Aratta
Gertoux
Dr David E Graves smyrnean.blogspot.com
B Hrozny
F Josephus
Werne Keller Bible as History
Walter Mattfeld www.bibleorigins.net
Madaba Map
Omens
TV Oommen
Roger M Pearlman (papers on academia.edu site)
Z Ragozin 'Chaldea'
David M Rohl
Rast
Sumerian King List
Sargon's Chronicle
AH Sayce
Z Sitchin
Strabo
Schaub
Shea
Jim Stinehart (Ancient Bible History group posts)
Tacitus?
Urnina/Urnanshe Plaque
LA Waddell Makers of Civilization
Wikipedia
Ron Wyatt.

King Arthur as Vortimer

Arthur and Vortimer: A Look at the Matches Evidences.
 

Is Arthur son of Uther the same as Vortimer son of Vortigern?
In this short paper we take a look at the matches of the names
and details of Arthur and Vortimer, and Uther and Vortigern in an
attempt to show why we see this match is feasible, and in attempt
to answer some of the criticisms.
 

1. Matches between Arthur and Vortimer.

Both similar names and similar fathers' names:
* Arthur:
His name is Artus/Arthus /Arzhur/Arthur/Arthwr/Artuir/Artur /Arturo  /Arturus/Arthurus /Arturius (HB, AC, HRB).
He is son of Uter/Uther (Pendragon) (and Igerne/Igraine) (HB, HRB/DGB).
* Vortimer:
His name is Vortimer/Guorthemir/Gwerthefyr/Gwrthefyr (HB, HRB/DGB).
He is son of Vortigern (HB, HRB).
* Both:
Both names Uther (&/or Igerne) & Arthur, and Vortiger(n) & Vortimer/Gw(e)rthefyr of both sources are very similar and linguistically able to match when considering all spellings/pronounciations versions of the 4 names. The only major dispute is with the Gw- of Vortimer, and this being dropped or interchanging or corresonded is not as a major issue as some people make out. Compare Gwarthur & Arthur, Arthur/"Wart", Garthwys/Arthwys, Loyngarth/Llwynarth, Gwarthan & Artan or Arthen.
No one has found any historical person with the name Arthur/Uther in historical sources like the Gallic Chronices, DEB, EH, ASC, so therefore either Arthur/Uther didn't exist or he didn't have a name exactly spelt Arthur/Uther or he was/is an obscure/minor/unknown/lesser figure.
In the HRB/DEB there are indeed 4 or 2 persons coming in between Vortigern and Arthur (Vortigern, Vortimer, Vortigern, Merlin/Ambrosius, Uther, Arthur), but the HRB is not a reliable source and it developed and added more to the earlier DEB and HB. Duplicating persons is not unknown in traditions or literature. Moreoever, genealogically Vortigern and Vortimer are a different parallel genealogical line to Ambrosius or Uther and Arthur. Genealogically there is only Ambrosius or Uther and Arthur parallel to Vortigern and Vortimer between Vortigern and Arthur (HRB).
The HB does mention all of Vortigern, Vortimer, Ambrosius/Emrys, Uter/Uther (only in some versions and not necessarily as a separate person to Arthur), and Arthur, but it is not in a definite orderly succession, and Nennius admitted he "heaped" alot together haphazard.
In the DEB there is only the sequence Vortigern, Ambrosius, and the progeny of Ambrosius or 5 contemporary tyrants or 4 beasts (which the HRB/DGB makes 4 successive kings).
Moreover some sources imply that both Vortimer and Arthur fought Octa and were both in the 400s, which closes the alleged gap between the father Vortigern and the son Arthur in the extended HRB succession of kings. 470 slain of Arthur may be a date, and it is only 10 more than the 460 slain of Vortigern's reign.

Both similar series of battles:
* Arthur:
"Three several battles", or 3 x 4 = 12 battles, or 3 x 3 = 9 battles sites (HB, PG), maybe matching 9 SS forts.
(4 battles at Dubglas. 3 battles at Tribruit? 3 days at Jerusalem/Guinnion or Badon.)
His first 3 battles might match the 455, 457 & 465 battles in the ASC.
* Vortimer:
Vortimer offered 12 pennies reward for the head of any heathen brought to him (Layamon).
7 or 8 years civil war (Morant).
Vortimer's "chief ports of the island", maybe matching 9 SS forts.
Vortimer's 4 battles & thrice enclosed (HB, HRB).
"sometimes extended their boundaries by victory, and sometimes were conquered and driven back" (HB).
Vortimer's battles supposedly match the battles of 455, 457, 465/466, & 473 in the ASC.
* Both:
The 1st campaign of Vortimer and the 2nd campaign of Arthur are both treated by various sources/people as being similar, analogous, successive, and therefore there is no reason why they might not be wholly or partly the same rather than wholly successive.

Both 3 days:
* Arthur:
Arthur was at Guinnion &/or Badon for 1 or 3 days (HB, AC).
* Vortimer:
Thrice enclosed (HB).
"Daily" (DGB/HRB).

Both in Kent:
* Arthur:
Collingwood, Jackson, Evans and others consider the HB's words to imply that Arthur fought Saxons and specifically Kentishmen (because they occur immediately after mention of Octa), and the 12 battes or 9 battle sites might match either the Saxon Shore forts, Vortimer's battes, or the ASC battles in Kent, Sussex & Wessex, all 3 of which are primarily in Kent.
* Vortimer:
Vortimer's battles are supposed to match battles in Kent in the ASC, and to match sites in Kent (Dartford/Darent/Crayford, Kit's Coty, Ebbsfleet, Stone in Kent, Richborough, Thanet).
Vortimer was in the east of Britain, on the east of Watling street (Morant).

Both fought same person or person of same time:
* Arthur:
Arthur fought Octa (HB), Osla/Ossa (Rhonabwy), Ossa cousin of Otca/Octa son of Hengist (Dingestow HRB).
* Vortimer:
Vortimer fought Octa/Ebissa (HRB/DGB), Esc/Oisc (ASC).

Both similar not fully historical persons:
* Arthur:
Arthur does not occur under/with that name in any reliable early fully historical source (ASC, EH, DEB, Gallic Chronicles), those he does occur in are late and not fully reliable historical (HB, HRB/DGB, PG, AC, Triads, Gododdin, Mabinogion, Saints Lives). Ergo "Arthur" is not a fully historical person.
* Vortimer:
Vortimer doesn't occur in any fully historical sources (DEB, ASC, EH) but only in not fully historical sources (HB, HRB/DGB, Wace, Layamon), and so he is not a fully historical person.
* Both:
Since both are not fully historical figures there is no problem with identifying them.
To be sure both Arthur and Vortimer occur in the HB and HRB/DGB, but these are not fully reliable historical sources, and Nennius/Mark said he "heaped" alot together, and the HRB/DGB has demonstrably obviously much derived alot from the DEB & HB and extended and developed and added. Duplications of characters is not unknown in tradition or literature.

Both "kings":
* Arthur:
He was a "king" or high king in some sources.
* Vortimer:
He was a king or high king in some sources.

Both similar epithet before/after their name:
* Arthur:
"Arthur the Blessed" ('Taliesin').
'Magnanimous Arthur' (HB).
"king of great praise, one of the most praiseworthy sovereigns of the whole world, the most generous, the most merciful" (24 Kings document).
munificence, generosity (HRB).
politeness (HRB).
code of courtliness (HRB).
code of chivalry/conduct (French Romances).
Arthur reigned in peace for 12 yrs (HRB).
Grants pardon to Scots (HRB).
('Arthur Pendragon'.)
* Vortimer:
'Vortimer Fendiagid' / 'Vortimer the Blessed' / 'St Vortimer'.
"Vortimer's kindness" (HRB/DGB).
"Great man" (HRB).
"to show them all marks of his affection and esteem", "his goodness" (HRB).

Both similar name/place battle site:
* Arthur:
Celidon/Caledon might be the Weald which is the Caledonian wood of Caesar's invasion. Cat Coit Caledon might match Kit's Coty (or Chatham) &/or Coldrum.
* Vortimer:
One of his battles was supposedly at Kit's Coty / Aylesford.

Both similar 400s dates:
* Arthur:
He was in the 400s and/or 500s. (450 in Malory. 470 in HRB, ca 493 in EH.)
* Vortimer:
He was in the 400s.

Both similar "Christian" associations:
* Arthur:
He carried Christ/Cross and/or Mary at Guinnion &/or Badon (HB, AC).
He fought Badon with Dubricius' help/prayer/blessing (HRB).
* Vortimer:
'Vortimer the Blessed' / 'St Vortimer'.
Vortimer held a synod at Guatherniaun (HB).

Both close in time to Vortigern:
* Arthur:
The Life of St Goeznovius seems to suggest that Arthur's campaign took place very soon after the time of Vortigern, if not immediately after it.
"Merlin lived first at the court of Vortigern and then at King Arthur's court", which appears like Arthur comes just after Vortigern?
* Vortimer:
He was son of Vortigern and lead the Britons in battle during Vortigern's reign, and/or was king after Vortigern's 1st reign and before Vortigern's 2nd reign.

Both British/Welsh:
* Arthur:
He was British/Welsh/Celtic.
* Vortimer:
He was British/Welsh/Celtic.

Both similar mysterious grave locations:
* Arthur:
"Arthur's grave not known", "an eternal wonder is the grave of Arthur" (Black Book of Carmarthen).
Arthur's grave is "nowhere seen" (William of Malmesbury).
Arthur died at Camlan (HRB, AC) and sleeps at Avalon (HRB, Triads).
"King Arthur died at Bwlch y Saethau".
Arthur died at city of lions/lyonesse.
(Gawain's grave is at "Rutupi" or "Dover").
* Vortimer:
He was buried in either a brazen pyramid in the port where Saxons first landed (HB, HRB), or in the chief ports of the island, or Trinovantum/London (HRB/DGB), or in Belyn's Gate / London (Wace, Layamon), or Lincoln (Rapin), or Richborough (Vortigern Studies).
The place name Rhyd-yr-afaelin in Vortimer's battle list is maybe similar to Avalon/Afallach?

Both linked with similar south-eastern coastal port(s) :
* Arthur:
The Porter (PG).
Hamo's Port (HRB).
Rutupi (HRB).
* Vortimer:
"the port where Saxons first landed".
"chief ports of the island".

Both connected with similar great saughters:
* Arthur:
Slew 470/940/960/840 at Badon (HB, Irish HB, HRB/DGB).
"Great slaughter" at Guinnion (HB).
Camlan associated with Slaughter Bridge.
* Vortimer:
"the slaughter of the Saxons" at Epsford (HB).

Both similar place name:
* Arthur:
Guinnion/Guinnon/Guinon/Gunnion/Gurnion/Guindoin (HB, Irish HB) of uncertain etymological origin.
* Vortimer:
Gurthrenion/Guartherniaun/Guarenniaun/Gwarthennian.

Both similar messianic return theme:
* Arthur:
"once and future king", "KA's messianic return".
"Arthur is not dead" (Cornish).
* Vortimer:
"before his decease, anxious for the future prosperity of his country, he charged his friends to inter his body at the entrance of the Saxon port, ..." "for though they may inhabit other parts of Britain, yet if you follow my commands, they will never remain in this island." (HB.)
"endeavoured to comfort them in their sorrow and lamentation for him, telling them, he was only going the way of all flesh". (HRB).
"that the sight of his tomb might frighten back the barbarians to Germany. For he said none of them would dare approach the country, that should but get a sight of his tomb. ... as he had been a terror to them while living, endeavoured to be no less so when dead." (HRB).
"because he thought Vortimer was yet living" (HRB/DGB).

Link with Hengist:
* Arthur:
Book of Hergest.
* Vortimer:
Hengist/Hengest.

Both linked with Thanet area:
* Arthur:
"Thanet" and ships in the Badon aftermath chapter of the HRB/DGB.
"Emperor of Rome".
City of the legion was a "2nd Rome".
"Rutupi" (HRB/DGB).
"Riculf/Raculf" (HRB).
"Valley of Suesia" (HRB).
* Vortimer:
Thanet (HB, HRB/DGB).
Epsford (HB, HRB).
* Both:
Thanet was called Ruim/Ruym/Ruoichin/Ruithin.
Thanet is near to both Rutupi & Regubium/Reculver.
Epsford may match the Ebbsfleet & Wantsum-Stour area.
The Wantsum-Stour may match the Valley of Suesia?

Both drove the Saxons out of the island/land:
* Arthur:
The 2nd battle of Clarence was a "great victory ... drives Saxons out of England".
"the pagans/Saxons (were) turned/put in/to flight" &/or "pursued" at Guinnion (HB).
Arthur "drove out the Pagans" at Guinnion (Irish HB).
"Thanet" and ships in HRB's Badon aftermath chapter.
* Vortimer:
"the Saxons being defeated, fled to their ships" (HB).
"for though they may inhabit other parts of Britain, yet if you follow my commands, they will never remain in this island. (HB)".
"Vortimer fought 4 times against the Saxons, and put them to flight" (HB).
"drove them to Thanet" (HB).
"began to drive out the barbarians" (HRB).
"the enemies fled shamefully to their ships" (HRB/DGB).
"And when they were no longer able to bear the assaults of the Britons, they sent ... to ... Vortimer, to desire leave to depart, and return back safe to Germany. And ... they in the meantime went on board their long galleys, and, ..., returned back to Germany." (HRB.)

Both leader of kings/knights of Britons:
* Arthur:
Arthur is dux bellorum "leader of battles" of the kings of the Britons in 12 battles (HB).
Arthur heads the 12/24/150 knights of the Round Table.
* Vortimer:
"they fought against the kings and princes of Britain" (HB).
The Britons "unanimously set up Vortimer for their king" (HRB).

Both similar siege:
* Arthur:
Badon was a siege (DEB) and "a most severe contest" (HB). Guinnion was a fort(let).
Siege Perilous seat at Round Table.
* Vortimer:
"besieged" Saxons at Thanet (HB, HRB/DGB).

Both had one or a fleet of ships/boats:
* Arthur:
Arthur's ship/boat Pry(d)wen.
Arthur crossed to Gaul/France from Hamo's Port, and back to Rutupi (DGB/HRB).
The Porter (PG)?
Arthur taken to Avalon on a boat/ship/barge.
* Vortimer:
"with his fleet".

Both called soldiers:
* Arthur:
miles "soldier".
* Vortimer:
"brave soldier" (HRB/DGB).

Both victorius in all their battles:
* Arthur:
Was victorius in all his battles (except the 1st) (HB).
The "Britons were the victors" at Badon (AC/WA).
"Great victory of Arthur against the Saxons on St David's birthday/day 540/640" (Shakespeare and the Welsh).
* Vortimer:
"Vortimer fought 4 times against the Saxons, and put them to flight" (HB).
"the Saxons being defeated, fled to their ships" (HB).
"was victorius in all" (HRB/DGB).
"after this great success" (HRB).

Both valiant/valourous/brave:
* Arthur:
Arthur was "the most valiant" (24 Kings document).
* Vortimer:
"did valourously encounter the enemy" (HB).
"admirable bravery" (HRB).

Both similar battle site name/place:
* Arthur:
Bassas ("shallow"?)
* Vortimer:
Vortimer's battle at Ep(i)sford.
Vortimer fought Ebissa (HRB).
Vortimer's brother Pascent(ius) (HB, HRB).

Both fought the first battles on rivers with similar name or meaning or description:
* Arthur:
Arthur fought on 3 or 4 rivers (Glein, Dubglas, Bassas, Tribruit?)
* Vortimer:
Vortimer fought on 2 rivers (Darent, Epsford/"Aylesford"). The description "super flumen" is similar. Simiar D- river names. Similar black/dark & white names and meainings. Bassas and Epsford have similar names when considering the various names Wipped, Wippedsfleot, Eosa, Ebissa, Eopa, Ebbsfleet, Ipwinesfleet, Bassas, and when considering Ethelwerd's statement about the Thesean sea and Aegeans sea. Glein is similar to "Aylesford" considering the spellings of "Aylesford" in the ASC & Ethelwerd.

Both associated with a similar holy-like person:
* Arthur:
Associated with the magician/antichrist Merlin, bishop/saint Dubricius, bishop Bawdewyn.
* Vortimer:
Associated with bishop/saint Germanus/Garmon.

Both had 1 sister mentioned:
* Arthur:
Had a sister Anna.
* Vortimer:
"his father and sister" (HB).
Vortigern's daughter in some sources (Life of Germanus? Will of Malmesbury.)

Both supposedly fought Cerdic/Cedric:
* Arthur:
Arthur fought Cheldric (HRB).
* Vortimer:
Vortimer fought Cherdich (HRB/DGB).

Both fought similar alternating victory and defeat series of battles:
* Arthur:
Arthur fought 12/9/7 battles (HB, PG).
When Arthur fought Lucius "sometimes the Britons prevailing, sometimes the Romans" (HRB/DGB).
Arthur was the leader at Badon in the HB, and the DEB says Badon was almost the last of the battles during which "sometimes our countrymen, sometimes the enemy won" (DEB 26).
"No one should be surprised at the changes in human fortunes that sometimes it is necessary to win and sometimes to flee" (HRB?)
* Vortimer:
"sometimes extended their boundaries by victory, and sometimes were conquered and driven back" (HB).

Both prominent persons:
* Arthur:
He is prominent/famous person.
* Vortimer:
He is a prominent/famous person.
* Both:
The argument that Vortimer is less prominent than Arthur is invalid because Arthur might/may be Vortimer, and Vortimer is prominent/famous in what few mentionings there are, and Arthur was more minor in the earliest mentionings like the HB, and Arthur has been subsequently alot more developed than Vortimer, and both are in not fully reliable historical sources.

Both may be connected with Ambrosius:
* Arthur & Vortimer indirect match via Ambrosius/Aurelius:
Arthur lead at Badon (HB, AC) matches Ambrosius lead at Badon (DEB).
The -imer in Vortimer's might match Amr/Emrys/Ambrosius? The Vor- might even match Aur- of Aurelius?

Both gave similar exhortation/comfort to their followers:
* Arthur:
"Arthur's exhortation to his soldiers" (HRB).
* Vortimer:
"endeavoured to comfort them in their sorrow and lamentation".

Both restore and build churchs/monasteries:
* Arthur:
"Arthur restores York to its ancient beauty, especially as to its churches." (HRB.)
Arthur "erected many religious houses and monasteries, and gave them endowments and salaries" (24 Kings document).
* Vortimer:
"Vortimer, ... began to restore his subjects to their possessions which had been taken from them, ..., and ... to rebuild their churches." (HRB.)

Both similar meetings events:
* Arthur:
"solemn assembly" at city of legions (HRB).
(Round Table? Grail Quest?)
* Vortimer:
"synod" of Gwarthennian (HB).

Both had more Saxons arriving or arriving again during/after their series of battles:
*Arthur:
"The more the Saxons were vanquished, the more they sought for new supplies of Saxons from Germany" (HB).
"begged for leave to go out; in consideration whereof they offered to leave all their gold and silver behind them, and return back to Germany with nothing but their empty ships. They promised also that they would pay him tribute from Germany" (HRB), and shortly after they return to the "Totness"/"Severn" area.
* Vortimer:
"The Saxons now despatched deputies to Germany to solicit large reinforcements, and an additional number of ships." (HB.)

Both similarly distributed rewards:
* Arthur:
"Arthur amply rewards his servants".
* Vortimer:
"Vortimer, ..., began to restore his subjects to their possessions which had been taken from them, and to show them all marks of his affection and esteem, and ... to rebuild their churches. But his goodness .... Hereupon he ... distributed among them all the treasure his predecessors had heaped up...." (HRB.)

Both similar place name:
* Arthur:
Camelot, maybe from melyn "yellow".
Malory "moved Arthur to London".
Arthur's court in London in the HRB.
* Vortimer:
Belyn's Gate, London (Layamon).
Campo Lapidem (HB).

Both similar battle site name/location:
*Arthur:
Arthur's 6th/9th battle at the city of the legion may match the 5th Saxon Shore fort Rutupi/Richborough (Legio II Augusta) in my match of the 9 battle sites with the 9 Saxon Shore forts.
* Vortimer:
Vortimer's battle at Campo Lapidem is supposed by some to have been at Richborough.
Vortimer requested to be buried at the port where the Saxons first landed, and a 'Vortigern Studies' article reckons Vortimer's cenotaph was at Richborough.


2. Matches between Uther and Vortigern.

Non-historical figure can match historical figure:
* Uther:
Uther does not occur in any reliable early fully historical source, those he does occur in are late and not fully reliable historical (some HB versions, HRB/DGB). Ergo "Uther" is not a fully historical person.
* Vortigern:
Vortigern occurs in historical sources (DEB, ASC) and other sources (HB, HRB/DGB), and so he can be accept as being historical.
* Both:
Since Uther is not a fully historical figure there is no problem with identifying him with the more historical Vortigern.

Both have similar names and similar sons' names:
* Uther:
His name is Ute/Uter/Uther/Uthyr/Vthyr /Iubher/Gwythyr Pen(draggon)/Pandragun (and his wife's name is Igerne/Igraine).
He is father of Arthur.
* Vortigern:
His name is Vortigern/Vortiger/Vortigen/Wurtgern/Wyrtgeorne /Vurthern/Urtigernus /Guorthegirn/Guorthigirn/Guarthi(gern) /Gwrtheyrn / Gurthrigern.
He is father of Vortimer/Gw(e)rthefyr.
* Both:
Both names Uther (&/or Igerne) & Arthur, and Vortiger(n) & Vortimer/Gw(e)rthefyr of both sources are very similar and linguistically able to match when considering all spellings/pronounciations versions of the 4 names. The only major dispute is with the Gw- of Vortimer, and this being dropped or interchanging or corresonded is not as a major issue as some people make out, compare Gwarthur & Arthur, Arthur/"Wart", Garthwys/Arthwys, Loyngarth/Llwynarth.

Both their names have similar meanings:
* Uther:
His name Uther means "terrible warrior" or "horrible son" or "wonderful head" or "half-dead king".
His other name Pendragon means "chief dragon, warchief, foremost leader, chief leader in war" or "wonderful head", a chief invested with supreme power.
* Vortigern:
His name means "hero king, great king, overlord", and he is called "proud/superb tyrant" or "ignorant king" or "wicked king".
Vortigern lead in the first battle(s) in the ASC.

Both were similar kings and/or overlords:
* Uther:
Was king / high king (HRB).
He was Pendragon "head dragon", a chief invested with supreme "Uther was the legendary chief king of Britain who overcame all the petty kings. Pendragon, meaning chief leader in batte or chief dragon, ... was given to or assumed by military leaders who excercised kingly powers".
power.
* Vortigern:
Was king / high king (HRB).
He was "great king, overlord".
He was proud tryant / superb tyrant (DEB, HB, HRB, ASC).
"he seems to have won for himself a position of authority not unlike that which had been held by the governors of Roman Britain ... authority which evidently ran over most of the Lowland zone of Britain, if it in fact reached as far as Kent...."
"The dissolution of traditional government provided throughout the empire an an opportunity for native tribal chieftains to seize the power into their own hands: so Vortigern came to dominate the country on both sides of the Thames and not simply Kent alone."
"We can only guess that he was a soldier who, by his success in warfare against the Saxons, won for himself much the same kind of position as had formerly been held by Vortigern."
"Whether or not Vortigern's authority extended to this part of Britain.... .... The fact, ... that Vortigern was able to take what he, ... regarded as measures for the security of Kent, ... out to mean that the whole of southern and eastern Britain from Kent as far away as his homeland in the Wroxeter area was at that time, ... under his controlling hand."

Both were British:
* Uther:
Was British.
* Vortgern:
Was British/Welsh.

Both are contemporaries:
* Uther & Vortigern:
Both are contemporaries in the HRB/DGB.

Both fought near-contemporaries:
* Uther:
Uther fought Octa & Eosa in the HRB.
* Vortigern:
Vortigern fought Hengist & Horsa in 455 (ASC).

Both associated with a similar set/series of forts:
* Uther:
Pascent invaded & destroyed all the ... forts from "Albania" to "York" (HRB)?
* Vortigern:
"Hengist forces Vortigern to yield up the strongest fortifications in Britain" (HRB).

Both associated with Ambrosius or Merlin:
* Uther:
Uther buried close by Ambrosius within Giant's Dance (HRB).
Ambrosius & Uther went to France/Gaul (HRB)
* Vortigern:
Vortigern & Dimetia/Britons vs Ambrosius & Dumnonii/Romans (HB).
Dinas Emrys.

Uther:
Merlin advised/helped Uther with how to get Igraine, and how to get the Giant's Dance.
Vortigern:
"Merlin the prophet of Vortigern" (HRB/DGB).

Both are maybe connected with dragons:
* Uther:
Pendragon "head dragon".
Uther ordered 2 dragons made to be carried with him in his wars, one of which he uses as his standard.
* Vortigern:
Red vs white dragon.
(Tigern "king".)
The symbol of Vortigern's contemporary Hengist and/or of the Jutes or Kentishmen was a white dragon or white horse.

Both ambiguous figures/natures:
* Uther:
"He is a fairly ambiguous individual throughout the literature, but is described as a strong king and a defender of his people."
Pendragon "dragon head" may mean nature of a dragon?
* Vortigern:
He is castigated by sources for various bad points.

Both sons of fathers with similar names and details:
* Uther:
He is son of Constantine/Custennin.
* Vortigern:
He is son in law of Hengist/Hengest.
Hengist said to Vortigern "I will be a father to you" (HB).
* Both:
Hengist & Horsa and Constantine & Constans (or Conan?) have similar names and similar relationships (except the former are brothers and the latter father & son), and they both were invited to come from Armorica/Letavia/Brittany or Germany to Britain to fight Scots/Irish & Picts.

Both associated with Ambrius:
* Uther:
He was buried at Giant's Dance / Stonehenge near Ambrius (HRB).
* Vortigern:
He meet the Saxons at Ambrius/Ambresbury (HRB).

Both had a similar son and daughter.
* Uther:
Uther's comet symbolises a son and a daughter (HRB).
Uther's daughter Anna/Morgause.
* Vortigern:
Vortigern has three or four sons but only one is prominent, and he has a daughter.

Both associated with persons with similar name:
* Uther:
Gorlois/Gerlois duke of Cornwall.
* Vortigern:
Gorangan/Guoyrancgonus king of Kent his contemporary acquaintance.
Horsa his contemporary acquaintance.
Gloui his ancestor or Gloucester his civitas.
Town of Genoreu (HRB), Mt Cloarius (HRB).
St Germanus contemporary of Vortigern (HB, HRB)?

Both similar stories about their lust for women/wives:
* Uther:
Uther "becomes obsessively enamoured of" Igraine and "falls in love" with her (HRB). Igraine "recoiled" from Uther's advances, and "Uther had her husband killed in order to forcibly marry her", but she later marries him (HRB).
* Vortigern:
Vortigern was "seduced by Rowena" the "daughter of Hengist", and she was "peaceably" married off to him as part of an agreement/alliance.  ("Seduced" doesn't always mean the way people think, eg sometimes "raped" and "seduced" are related. Compare the sons of god and daughters of men in Genesis 6, and/or the Romans and Sabine women, and some other stories in other sources.)
Vortigern's "love for a pagan woman" Rowena "who he so much loved" (HB 45).
Vortigern is an "imprudent king" or "ignorant king" or "wicked king" or "unlucky king" who is "denigrated for his misjudgement" and "evils" and was "wholly given up to the lusts of the flesh, the slave of every vice: a character of insatiable avarice, ungovernable pride, and polluted by his lusts" and was "wasting the resources of the kingdom in riotous living, he was awake only to the blandishments of abandoned women" (GRA).
In other sources Vortigern lusted and committed incest with "his own daughter".
Vortigern had "other wives" (HB 47) so he sounds abit lusty.
Vortigern also married Sevira "daughter of Maximus" (Pillar of Eliseg).
(Note that since all 3 of Rowena and Sevira and Vortigern's daughter are specially described as "daughter of" and are similar loves of Vortigern, it may mean a connection or confounding of the 3 different love stories.)

Both them and their wives and their wives fathers were friends and enemies at times:
* Uther:
Gorlois was one of Uther's retainers/vassals and they were "celebrating their victories" before Uther "killed" Gorlois.
Igraine "recoiled" from Uther, and Uther "killed" her husband Gorlois in order to forcibly marry her, but she afterwards marries him (HRB).
* Vortigern:
Vortigern & Hengist were friends and/or enemies at various stages.
"Rowena seduced Vortigern."
Vortigern married Rowena "peaceably".
I am sure that Rowena a younger gooder Saxon would not have been too keen to marry an older bader Briton, so that matches your Igraine "recoiled", besides which Igraine afterwards married Uther.
"Hengist, being informed of their design by messengers sent from his daughter".
(And if she had to marry him it implies whoever she would rather have married was "killed"?)

Uther:
Castle of Dimilioc (HRB).
Vortigern:
Catel Drunluc (HB).

Uther:
Gorlois is "one of Uther's retainers/vassals" (HRB).
Vortigern:
Hengist was hired by Vortigern (DEB, ASC, HB, HRB).
Gorangan/Guoyrancgonus was a sub-king of Vortigern in Kent (HB).

Both at a similar banquet:
Uther:
"At a banquet celebrating their victories" (Uther & Gorlois episode).
Vortigern:
"Hengist, under pretence of ratifying the treaty, prepared an entertainment, to which he invited the king.... .... The king with his company, appeared at the feast; and mixing with the Saxons" (HB).
"And if these terms pleased Vortigern, he desired him to appoint a time and place for their meeting, and adjusting matters according to his pleasure. ... at last ordered his subjects and the Saxons to meet ... at the monastery of Ambrius, for the settling of the matters above-mentioned. The appointment being agreed to on both sides, ... and while the conference should be held with the Britons, who would have no suspicion of them, .... Accordingly they all met at the time and place appointed, and began to treat of peace...." (HRB.)
Presumably this might have been a feast after wedding Rowena.

Both at a place with a similar name and nature/details:
Uther:
impregnable castle Tintagel. (Tintagel in Cornwall was not associated with Arthur until the 1000s.)
Vortigern:
Thanet given to Saxons as safe re invasion/takeover.
Both:
Tintagel and Thanet (or Dover) have similar names and analogous geographical features.

Their and/or their wives religions were not necessarily different:
* Uther:
Uther married "christian" Igraine".
Uther is linked with dragon(s) which might also imply a similar anti-christian/Satantic/pagan religion?
Uther lusted after Igraine, and they had an affair and they commited adultery.
Uther's name has been related to Bran. Igraine's name resembles Grainne or Igreen?
* Vortigern:
Vortigern was a Pelagian "christian" (who acted as bishop on an occasion in HRB?)
Vortigern was a follower of Merlin/Ambrosius.
Vortigern's "love for a pagan woman" Rowena daughter of Hengist. Hengist may be made into a "christian" as Constantine in the HRB (Hengist & Horsa and Constantine & Constans are similar names. Hengist invited from Germany to fight Scots matches Constantine invited from Brittany to fight Scots.)
Vortigern is linked with dragon(s) which might also imply a similar antichristian/pagan religion?
Vortigern offended bishop St Germanus (HB).
Vortigern was "seduced by Rowena".
Vortigern was a "wicked king" who is denigrated for his "evils" and was "wholly given up to the lusts of the flesh, the slave of every vice: a character of insatiable avarice, ungovernable pride, and polluted by his lusts" (GRA).

Their and/or their wives races or regions were not necessarily different:
* Uther:
Uther married Igraine who was "Cornish". Localities names in Arthurian sources are not always so literarily correct as many assume/assert, eg "Albani" might not be Scotland but may be the Downs/Dover/Albion, or Britain/Albion, or Snowdon "white hill", or Guinnion/Alborum, or Verulam/St Albans. Sources like Geoffrey translated forgotten/unknown places to whatever places they theorised/supposed them to match (eg he made Linnuis "Lincoln" and Badon "Bath" and Urbelegionis "Caerleon" and Eidyn "Edinburgh" and Caledon wood "Caledonia"). So "Cornwall" might not be Cornwall promonitory in the southwest corner it might be analogous/similar Kent in southeast corner. Gorlois duke of Cornwall may match Gorangan/Guoyrancgonus king of Kent in HB? Mark and Tristan were Cornish and yet also associated with Brittany or France. Link of Dumnonii and Domnonee. Link of Cornwall and Kernev (Brittany). Or -wall might relate to other Gwal/Wal/Wall names.
Uther's &/or Igerna's names resemble Vortigern's (and the latter was British).
Uther was at Tintagel (HRB). But Tintagel in Cornwall was not associated with Arthur until the 1000s. Tintagel might be Thanet.
Uther had to appear like Gorlois which might mean Uther and Igraine were a different race or religion.
Uther was in Brittany for some time (HRB).
Uther is connected with Anjou in Eschenbach's work.
Uther's symbol was a dragon, which could be either Welsh red dragon or Jutish/Kentish white dragon.
* Vortigern:
Vortigern was British (Demetian or Gewissean), and he married his own daughter who is thus also British.
The location of Vortigern's castle/city is uncertain, being placed in various different provinces/counties.
Vortigern married Sevira daughter of Maximus who was a Roman.
Vortigern married Rowena daughter of Hengist who was a Saxon from Europe. Hengist invited from Germany to fight Scots matches Constantine invited from Brittany to fight Scots.  (Hengist & Horsa and Constantine & Constans are similar names.)
Vortigern's symbol was a dragon, which could be either Welsh red dragon or Jutish/Kentish white dragon.
Vortigern's name resembles Uther's &/or Igerna's.
Gorangan/Guoyrancgonus sub-king of Kent in HB may match Gorlois duke of "Cornwall" in the HRB/DGB?

----

Answer to criticism that "Arthur can't be Vortimer or Ambrosius because the HB mentions them as two separate persons".
This is a pitiful artificial objection put forward by opponents who merely wish to hinder the issue with every possible clever argument they can. Where is all their evidences reasons for why Vortimer doesn't/can't match Arthur? Meanwhile we have provided heaps of strong details matches evidences reasons for the two possibly being the same.
Nennius said he "heaped" alot together.
Reduplication of characters is not unknown in traditions and myths/legends.
Roman "christian" sources are notorious for falsely lying and mixing saints and holy days and popes etc.
Look how Geoffrey even further expanded on the HB, so Nennius could have expanded on the DEB.
Nennius supposedly made the DEB's Ambrosius into two different persons.
There is no Arthur in the DEB, so Arthur as leader at Badon must be one of the persons mentioned in the DEB.
What real historical facts objections are there to Vortimer being Arthur? I mean like Vortimer and Arthur are both in non-historical sources, so no one can be so adamantly assertive that they can't be the same. (Vortimer only first appears in the HB and HRB. Arthur is pretty much first from the HB.)

Yes the HB has Vortimer during Hengist, and has Arthur's battles between Octa (after Hengist's death) and Ida. So I maybe might be wrong about Arthur possibly being Vortimer. But I can not be sure I am wrong because there are pretty intriguiung matches evidences for Arthur being Vortimer, and there are rooms for doubting the HB's narrative chronology order for either/both persons.

1. Vortimer doesn't occur in any fully historical sources, he only first appears in the HB and HRB/DGB (which used the HB as its source). Arthur also pretty much first majorly occurs in the HB. The HB is not a reliable fully historical source.

2. Nennius said he "heaped" alot together.

3. The battle list alternatively comes before or after the Life of Patrick, which may mean uncertain time placement.

4. Vortimer (ca 455-473) fights Hengist (HB, ASC, Evans/Arcus/Wiki), Horsa (HB, HRB, ASC, Evans/Arcus), Esc (ASC, Evans/Arcus), "Octa & Ebissa" (HRB), Cherdich (HRB), in Kent (ASC).
Arthur (between 421 and 584 in early traditional sources) fights Octa in Kent (HB, Collingwood, Jackson, Evans), Osla/Ossa (Rhonabwy), Ossa cousin of Otca/Octa son of Hengist (Dingestow HRB), Cerdic/Cheldric & Colgrin & Baldulph (HRB), Ida (HB)?
Esc/Octa isn't mentioned in the ASC after the death of Hengist ca 488.
The chronology/dates in sources like the ASC is disputed.

5. Vortimer's 4 battles might only match the first half of Arthur's 12 battles. The ASC battles of 455-473 may only match the first 3 or 4 of Arthur's battles. Vortimer and Arthur both have sleeping and messianic returns. So maybe the name "Vortimer/Arthur" was like the spirit of Arthur for the battles after the first four/half. Or maybe Vortimer/Arthur was used as a name/title similar to the use of Caesar.

6. The "North" of Hengist & Octa might only be Linnuis.
All the action in the ASC is in Kent, Sussex, Wessex.
Hengist maybe features in Arthurian tradition: Hergest; Gwyn Dragon.
"Hengist forces Vortigern to yield up the strongest fortifications in Britain" sounds like the Saxon Shore forts. (Compare Vortimer's bones buried in the Chief Ports of this Island. Pascent invaded & destroyed all the ... forts from "Albania" to "York".)
Arthur "came against" the Saxons and drove them out of the (is)land (Guinnion & Clarence). Vortimer did similar in the HB & HRB. Both suit the south-east not the west or north.

Dux Arthur leader at Badon may match duce Ambrosius leader at Badon. Vortimer and Ambrosius are both poisoned (DGB).
Whether Arthur is Vortimer or not I still see far more evidences for the south-east than the west or north. The only 3 matches for the 12 battles are all in the south-east (SS forts, Vortimer's battles, ASC battles), and some my most major Arthur candidates are too (Vortimer, Aethelbert, Vortigern).

Origin of King Arthur's Name

 No one has found any historical person named Arthur in history sources like Gallic Chronicles, Gildas' DEB, Bede's EH, the ASC, etc. But I am sure that "Arthur" or the leader of the 12 battles or at least of Guinnion or Badon/Bath was a real person or persons in the 400s and/or 500s ad. So either the person was not named Arthur but had another name, or he had a name similar to Arthur but not exactly the same spelling, or the name Arthur is from some ancient/prehistoric war god or is a title/epithet made up from mere words.

In our investigations on Arthur's 12 battles we found the battles may best match 1 of 3 sources: the 9 Saxon Shore Forts of the ND, Vortimer's battles (HB, HRB). or the ASC battles from 440s to 500s (or 600s). In our paper Who Is Arthur we surveyed 34 main candidates and we concluded that the 6 chief candidates for the historical Arthur are Ambrosius (DEB, EH, HB, HRB/DGB), Vortimer (HB, HRB/DGB), Ethelbert (ASC), Maelgwn's uncle (DEB), Gwawrddur (Gododdin), or Riothamus? Having gone through our candidates again specifically looking for which candidates may have a match for the origin of the name Arthur we found that Artur must come from one of the names such as Vortimer, Gwawrddur, Arthwys, Riothamus, Ethelbert, Aurelius, or a few others. In this post we look at how Arthur might come from the likes of Vortimer or Gwawrddur/Gwarthur or Garthwys Hir. We also secondly look at how the names of some other persons like Gwallawg and Cadwallon I Lawhir might connected with Arthur.

This post only deals with possible names connections, not with all the details matches of some of the persons with Arthur. Eg Vortimer's name might be whence Arthur is posted here but all the other matches of Vortimer with Arthur are not included here but are in other articles.

(Note before the lists: It seems Arthurians are not very inclined to agree that Arth & Gwarth or Garth names can be related or corresponded despite examples below clearly demonstrating that at least some of them can/do match. So for anyone who doesn't agree the question is where did the name Artur come from then? Whether from a person with a name that can linguistically match or from a title/epithet made up from mere words. Where do you think Arthur's name came from? Lucius Artorius Castus? Riothamus? Athrwys? Arthwys? Vortimer? Aethelbert? Arcturus? Arthur mac Aedan? St Arthmael? Mercury Artaois? Deoartavois? Nin-urta? Garthos (Armenian)? Ardys? Artook Khan? Aldroen/Alatorius? Attila? Arthari (Diaconus)? Authari (Lombard)? Ardaburius (Goth)? Einion Yrth/Urth? Xartus (Indo-European)? Garthwys Hir? Vortigern? Orthrus? Arthur father of Geoffrey of Monmouth? Arthuret? Ard Righ "high king"? Arth Vawr "great bear" (Ursa Major)? Ard-na-Said "height of the arrows" ("Arthur's Seat")? Gwawrddur/Gwarthur? Vortipor? corruption of Aurelius? arth-wr "noble one"? arth "bear" as in Caledonian/British bears or as in Cuneglas? "stone" (matching Petr or other similar)? ard "high" + vawr "great" or gur "man" (like the meanings of Vortigern and Riothamus)? Clogwyn Du'r Arddu (Snowdonia)? etc?)

1. Possible origin of the name Arthur/Artus/Arturius (or Arthwys) from Vortimer/Gwrthefyr (or Vortigern/Gwrtheyrn or Vortipore/Wortiporius) or Gwawrddur or Garthwys Hir or Einion Yrth.

List of similar names demonstrating how Arth- and Gwarth- or Garth- name could be related or corresondened.

(Note: I know some of the headers are not "linguistically correct" in the way they divide the names parts, but you will see why we had reasons for grouping and heading the names the way we have done.)

-(t)igern- names:
Vortigern/Gwrtheyrn (great king / overlord, DEB, HB, HRB, ASC)
Catigern (person, HB)
Dutigern/Outigern (person, HB)
Ritigern
Myghtygern/Machtiern
Tigernach (Irish)
Tigernmaglus
Kentigern/Cyndeyrn (saint Mungo)
Igerna/Igraine (person, HRB)

-art(h)- names:
Art/Airt (king, Irish)
Artognou (Tintagel inscription)
Artan filii Grippud (Powys)
Arthen map Seissil (Ceredigion)
Artus /Arthur/Artuir  /Arturus/Arthurus (dux/king, HB, HRB, AC, Gododdin)
Arthus (king, Swedish king list)
Arthuis/Arthwys ap Mar (DMN)
Arthgallo (king, HRB/DGB)
Arthgal (consul, HRB/DGB)
Arthmail (king, HRB/DGB)
St Arthmael/Arthmail/Arthfael/Armel (Breton/French)
Arthlwys/Artgloys (Ceredigion, Harleian)
Arthuret/Arfderydd/Arddrydd/Armterid (573, AC)
Arthur's Seat/Ard-na-Said (Edinburgh)
Arthari (P Diaconus)?
Artorius/Arturius (Latin name)
Artri (Irish name)
Eithir map Arthat
Loyngarth/Llwynarth "grove of the bear" (Wonders, HB)
Carmarthen (HRB)?

-ard(d)- names:
Arderyd(d)/Erderit/Arthuret/Armterid/Arywderit/Ar(f)derydd (AC)
Arderit/Tribruit/Ribroit (HB, PG)
Arddunion ("fortress height", Taliesin)?
Ard-na-said/Arthur's Seat
Clogwyn Du'r Arddu ("high/height", Snowdon)?

-urth/yrth- names:
Einion Yrth / Einiawn Yrth / En(n)iaun Girt (Gwynedd, Harleian)
Urtigernus/Gwrtheyrn/Vortigern (king, HB)

-wart/vort- names:
Wart (boy Arthur, TH White)
Wortiporius/Vortipore/Gwerthefyr/Gwrthevyr (king, DEB, HRB)
Vortimer/Gwrthefyr/Gwerthefyr/Guorthemir (leader, HB, HRB)
Vortigern/Gwrtheyrn (king, DEB, HB, HRB, ASC)

-gwart(h)- names:
Gwarthan (Y Gododdin)
Gwarthlev (Y Gododdin)
Gwarthur/Gwawrddur (person, Y Gododdin)
Guartherniaun/Gwarth Ennian (Vortigern's castle/city/synod/land, HB).
Gwerthrynion/Gwrtheyrnion (castle/city/land/province/kingdom)
Dynguayth Guarth Berneich (castle/country, HB)
Guerthaeth (king of Gwynedd, HRB/DGB)
Guortheneu (person, HB)
Guarthi(gern)/Guorthigirn/Vortigern (king, DEB, HB, HRB, ASC)
Guorthegirnaim (province/kingdom, HB).
Caer Guorthegirn/ Cair guorthegern (Vortigern's castle/city/council, HB).
Gwerthefyr/Guorthemir/Vortimer (leader, HB, HRB)
Guortepir/Gwerthefyr/Vortipore (king, DEB, HRB)

-gart(h)- names:
Garthwys Hir / Gorthyn Hir (person, Y Gododdin)
St Kentigern/Cyndeyrn Garthwys (St Mungo)
Gartnait/Gartnaithboc (king, Pictish/Cruithne/Scot)
Gartnaich/Gartnach/Garthnach (king, Pictish/Cruithne/Scot)
Gartbuir/Vortipore/Gwerthefyr (king, DEB, HRB)
Loyngarth/Llwynarth (Wonders of Britain, HB)

-gwrth/gurth/gorth- names:
Gurthiern (saint, Vita Gurthierni, Sts Lives).
Gurthrenion/Gwarth Ennian (Vortigern's castle/city/synod/land, HB).
Gwrtheyrnion/Gwerthrynion (castle/city/land/province/kingdom)
Gwrtheyrn/Vortigern (king, HB)
Gwrthefyr/Vortimer (leader, HB, HRB/DGB)
Gwrthebiriuc (land of Vortimer)
Gwrdebyr/Wortiporius/Vortipore (king, DEB, HRB)
Gorthyn Hir / Garthwys Hir (person, Y Gododdin)
Drest Gurthinmoth/Gurthinmoch
Gurthmwl Guledic

-girt- names:
Eniaun-Girt/Einion-Yrth (Gwynedd, Harleian)

-wuth/vot- names:
Wuthgirete/Grant/Geraint (Ethelwerd, ASC)
Voteporigis/Votegorigas/Voteporix Protector

similar arth/athl/athr names:
Arthwys ap Mar (DMN)
Arthlwys/Artgloys (Ceredigion, Harleian)
Ath-rwys/Atroys ap Meurig ("very vigorous", Glywysing, Harleian)

similar gwarth/arth/art names:
Gwarthlev (Y Gododdin)
Arthlwys/Artgloys (Ceredigion, Harleian)
Artognou (Tintagel inscription)

similar art/arth/gorth/gwarth names:
Artan filii Grippud (Powys)
Arthen map Seissil (Ceredigion)
Gorthyn Hir (person, grave, Y Gododdin)
Gwarthan (Y Gododdin)
Guortheneu (person, HB)

similar art(h)/wart/gwarth names:
Art/Airt (king, Irish)
Wart (boy Arthur, TH White)
Gwarth Ennian (Vortigern's castle/city/synod/land, HB)
Guarthi(gern)/Vortigern (Eliseg, HB)

similar full arth/gwarth names:
Arthur (miles/dux/king, HB, HRB, AC)
Gwarthur/Gwawrddur (person, Y Gododdin)

similar full arth/gwarth names:
Arthur (HB, HRB, AC)
Gwrthefyr/Vortimer/Gwerthefyr/Guorthemir (leader, HB, HRB)

similar full arth/gwarth names:
Arthur/Arturius (HB, AC, HRB/DGB)
Gartbuir/Vortipor/Wortiporius (DEB, HRB/DGB)

similar art/arth/garth names:
Artus/Arthur/Arturius (miles/dux/king, Y Gododdin, HB, HRB)
Arthus (king, Swedish king list)
Arthuis/Arthwys ap Mar (DMN)
Garthwys Hir / Gorthyn Hir (person, grave, Y Gododdin)
St Kentigern/Cyndeyrn Garthwys (St Mungo)

similar full arth/garth names:
Arthur (HB, HRB, AC)
Garthwys Hir (person, Y Gododdin)

similar gwarth/garth names elements:
Garthwys Hir (person, Y Gododdin)
Gwarth Ennian/Guartherniaun (Vortigern's castle/city/synod/land, HB).

similar full gwarth/garth names:
Gwarthur/Gwawrddur (person, Y Gododdin)
Gwrthefyr/Vortimer/Gwerthefyr/Guorthemir (leader, HB, HRB)
Garthwys Hir (person, Y Gododdin).

similar arth/garth/gwarth names:
Arthwys ap Mar (DMN)
Garthwys Hir / Gorthyn Hir (person, grave, Y Gododdin)
St Kentigern/Cyndeyrn Garthwys (St Mungo)
Guarthi(gern)/Vortigern

-----

2. Possible link of Gwallawg('s battles) &/or Ambrosius(' Gwaloph battle) &/or Cadwallon (or Cunedda) &/or Gavael-vawr &/or Gwawrddur &/or the name of the Welsh/Wales &/or William Wallace with each other, and possible link of these with Arthur('s battles/battle) via Gwawrddur &/or Arthgal.

Demonstration lists of similar gal/gwal persons names and meanings in Arthurian sources.

-art(h)- names:
Art(h)egal (Spenser)
Arthgal/Arthgallo of Cargueit/Warguit/Warwick (HRB, legend)
Catgualart/Cadwallader/Cadwaladr (HB, HRB, Harleian)

-gal- names:
Art(h)egal (Spenser)
Arthgal/Arthgallo of Cargueit/Warguit/Warwick (HRB, legend)
Galluc of Salisbury (HRB/DGB)

-gul- names:
Embres-guletic/Emrys-wledig (Ambrosius/Merlin, HB)

-wal(l)- names:
Wall/Gwal/Gual (HB)
Wales/Welsh (HRB, ASC)
William Wallace (Scottish)
Cadwallader/Cadwaladr/Catgualart (HB, HRB, Harleian)
Caedwalla/Caedualla (ASC)
Caedualla/C(e)adwalla/Cadwallo(n)/Katwallawn Lawhir (HB, HRB)

-gwal- names:
Gualo & Guales & Gualenses (leader, queen & Welshmen, HRB/DGB)
Gwal/Gual "wall" (HB)
Gwallawg/Guallauc ap Lleenawg (battles of, Taliesin, HB)
Catgualart/Cadwallader/Cadwaladr (HB, HRB, Harleian)
Cat-gwaloph/Guoloppum (battle of Ambrosius, HB)

-gwawl/gwawr- names:
Gwawl (Cunedda's mother)
Gwawrddur/Gwarthur (Y Gododdin)

-gavael- name:
Gavael-vawr ("great grasp", the Porter, PG)

similar name meanings:
Lawhir "long/tall hand/arm"
Gavael-vawr "great grasp"

-cat/cad- names:
Cat-gwaloph/Guoloppum (battle of Ambrosius, HB)
Catgualart/Cadwallader/Cadwaladr (HB, HRB, Harleian)
Caedwalla/Caedualla (ASC)
Caedualla/C(e)adwalla/Cadwallo(n)/Katwallawn Lawhir (HB, HRB)

same/similar full names:
Galluc of Salisbury (HRB/DGB)
Guallauc/Gwallawg ap Lleenawg (battles of, Taliesin, HB)

similar arth/gwarth names:
Arthur (HB, HRB, AC)
Gwarthur/Gwawrddur (Y Gododdin)

similar full names elements:
Guallauc/Gwallawg ap Lleenawg (battles of, Taliesin, HB)
Embres-guletic

similar full (cat/cad) gual/wal/gavael names:
Gualo
Cadwallo/Katwallawn (HB, HRB)
Cat-gwaloph/Guoloppum (battle of Ambrosius, HB)
Guallauc/Gwallawg ap Lleenawg (battles of, Taliesin, HB)
Gavael-vawr ("great grasp", the Porter, PG)

similar full names:
Guallauc/Gwallawg ap Lleenawg (battles of, Taliesin, HB)
William Wallace

similar gallo/gualo/wallo names:
Arthgallo
Gualo
Cadwallo

-----

similar serial/plural battles:
Arthur's battles (HB)
Arthur's or Gavael-vawr's battles (Pa Gur)
Gwallawg's battles
Vortimer's battles (HB, HRB) or Vortigern's (ASC)
Cunedda/Cadwallon vs Gwydel/Liethali
William Wallace's resistance

similar single battles:
Arthur vs Saxons at Eidyn/Guinnion/Badon (HB, PG, Modena)
Cunedda/Cadwallon vs Gwydel/Liethali/Bethan (HB)
Ambrosius vs Guitolinus (Cat-gwaloph, HB)
Ambrosius/Dumnonii/Romans vs Vortigern/Dimetia/Britons (HB).
"Vortimer vs Ambrosius"
Arthur vs Lucius (HRB/DGB)
battle of Catraeth/Eidyn (Y Gododdin)
Ambrosius vs enemy at Badon (DEB)

similar graves/tombs/sepulchres:
Arthur's grave
Ambrosius' sepulchre (HRB)
Vortimer's bones/grave/cenotaph (HB, HRB, Vortigern Studies)
Patrick's sepulchre/grave (HB)

similar dux/duke/duce:
duce Ambrosius (DEB)
dux Arthur (HB)
duke Riwal (Vita Winnoc)

similar nature:
Arthur dux bellorum "war leader" (HB)
Vortipore "leopard" (like Nimrod & Alexander, DEB)
Vortipore "gave them battle and came off with victory" (HRB)

possible matches with Saxon Shore forts 9 battles sites:
Vortigern yielded up strongest fortifications of island.
Vortimer asked to be buried where Saxons first landed.
Octa destroyed all the cities and fortified places from "Albania" to "York".
Vortimer's chief ports of the island.

Vortimer's 12 pennies reward or 7/8 yrs, Arthurs 12 battles.
Ambrosius' 10000 troops or 7/8 yrs, 7/9/12 battles Arthur?

similar 12 battles descriptions:
"sometimes our countrymen, sometimes the enemy won" (DEB 26).
"sometimes extended their boundaries by victory, and sometimes were conquered and driven back" (Vortimer, HB).
"at that time sometimes the enemy and sometimes our countrymen were defeated" (Urien, HB).
"sometimes victorious, sometimes defeated" (Maxim(ian)us, HRB).
"sometimes to favour the one, sometimes the other" (Eldol, HRB).
"sometimes the Britons prevailing, sometimes the Romans" (Arthur vs Lucius, HRB).

Similar father & son names:
Arthur son of Ut(h)er, Vortimer son of Vortigern?
Arthur son of Pendragon, Riothamus son of Deroch
Arthur son of Pendragon, Ursa/Arcturus son of Draco
Arthur son of Uther, Cadwallon son of Urth/Yrth/Girt
Athrwys son of Meurig, Aethelbert son of Ermenric

Similar aurelius/vorti and ambrosius/imer names/elements:
Aurelius Ambrosius, Vortimer? (Ethelbert?)
Pol Aurelian, Vortipore?

Similar meanings/descriptions/titles:
Mabuter "terrible warrior" / "horrible son" / "wonderful head"
Vortigern "great king, overlord" the "proud tyrant"
Riothamus "great/high/superlative/supreme king" or "most kingly, king-most, kingliest" or "freest"
Aurelius "golden, fine, excellent"
Ambrosius "immortal" the "great king"
Maximus "greatest"
Arthur as arth-wr "noble one"
Arthur as ard "high/height" vawr "great" / gur "man" / righ "king"
"Magnanimous Arthur"
King Arthur was a king/high king/emperor
"the great king Mailcun" (HB 62).
Maelgwn was a great king of the Britons (Sts Lives).

Similar epithets:
St Vortimer / Vortimer Fendigaid, Magnanimous Arthur.


In conclusion I conclude that the origin of the person Arturius/Arthur/Artus is either:

He was named Arthur but didn't exist (fiction/fake/myth).
He was named Arthur and existed (eg Arthur mac Aedan).
He had a name like Arthur but spelt abit different (eg Vortimer, Vortipore, Vortigern, Gwawrddur/Gwarthur, Garthwys Hir, Arthwys, Athrwys).
His name Arthur from a corruption of a similar but different name of his (eg Aurelius, Aethelbert, Riothamus/Rhiotavwys, Attila, Aldroen/Alatorius).
He existed but he was not named Arthur but was given the Arthur name from an earlier prehistoric/ancient mythological/legendary/historical god/person (eg Nin-urta, Mercury Artaois, Deoartavois, Lucius Artorius Castus, Arcturus), or from something like a place/battle name (eg Arthuret, Clogwyn Du'r Arddu, Llwynarth/Loyngarth, Ard-na-Said/Arthur's Seat).
He was not named Arthur but had a similar name that had same/similar meaning (eg Aethelbert).
He was not named Arthur but was given that name from a meaning like "bear" as in "Caledonian/British bears" or the bear Cuneglas.
He was not named Arthur but was given that name as an epithet/title made up from mere words (eg arth-wr "noble one", arth "bear" or ard "high" and vawr "great" or gur "man" or righ "king", or "stone").
He existed but was not named Arthur but some other name (eg Ambrosius, Riothamus).
He neither existed nor was named Arthur (fiction/myth).

And I conclude the most likely origin of the name Arturius/Arthur/Artus is either:

Gartbuir/Vortipor/Wortiporius (Gildas/DEB, Geoff/HRB/DGB)
Gw(e)rthefyr/Vortimer (Nennius/HB, HRB)
Gwawrddur/Gwarthur (Aneirin, Y Gododdin)
Guarthi(gern)/Gwrtheyrn/Vortigern (DEB, HB, HRB, ASC)
Garthwys Hir / Gorthyn Hir (Y Gododdin)
Arthwys/Arthuis (DMN) or Athrwys.

Versions of the names Arthur, Vortipor, Vortimer, Vortigern:

Artus/Arthus /Arzhur/Arthur/Arthwr/Artuir/Artur /Arturo  /Arturus/Arthurus /Arturius (HB, HRB/DGB, AC/WA, YG)

Wortiporius/Uortiporius/Vortiporius/Vortipore/Vortipor /Guortepir/Gwerthefyr/Gwrthevyr/Gwrdebyr/Gwrdeber /Gartbuir (DEB, HRB/DGB)

Vortimer/Guorthemir/Gwerthefyr/Gwrthefyr (HB, HRB)

Vortigern/Vortiger/Vortigen/Wurtgern/Wyrtgeorne /Vurthern/Urtigernus /Guorthegirn/Guorthigirn/Guarthi(gern) /Gwrtheyrn / Gurthrigern (DEB, HB, HRB, ASC)

Caer Guorthegirn/ Caer Guorthegern/Cair Guorthegirn /Cair Guorthegern/Cair Guothergirn (Vortigern's castle/city/council, HB).
Guartherniaun/Gwarth Ennian/Guarenniaun/Gurthrenion (Vortigern's castle/city/synod/land, HB).
Gwerthrynion/Gwrtheyrnion (castle/city/land &/or land/province/kingdom)
Guorthegirnaim (province/kingdom, HB).

 

As for Arthur's father Uther we have these candidates for his origin:

Uter/Uther/Gwythyr/Iubher Ben/Pendragon: Ebur (501, AC)? Ebrauc/York? Vortigern? Arthur/Mabuter? Vtere? Othere? Octa? Vortimer? Eormenric? Victor? Vithar/Vidar? Tewdrig/Teudubric? Einion Yrth/Urth? Voteporix? Usher? Withol(us)? Urbien(us)? Jutes/Euthones? Othilaz? Luthor/Liber? Authari? Athrwys? Hoder? Natanleod? Authun/Andhun 685/686? Uther Ben "wonderful head" of Bran? Eleutherius/Eucharistus? Ull? Penda? Draco? Gwyn Dragon? Gwen Pendragon? Deroch? Iberia/Hibernia/Eire? Oberon? Guitolinus/Guethelin (Guotelin, Guitolion?) Vortimer? Ursus? Watling Street?

Igraine/Igerna/Igerne/Eigyr/Ygrayne (Arnive) : Vortigern? Ierne/Eire? Ivlaine (Hoxne)? Glein? Holy Grail? Egeria? Irene? Iuturna? Ingoberg? Grainne? Green Man? Grannos/Bran? Igreen?

If Arthur son of Uther is Vortimer son of Vortigern then this is a light on Arthur's origin(s). However it doesn't get us overly far because Vortimer like Arthur seems to only occur in not fully historical works like the HB and HRB/DGB. Therefore we have to further find out who Vortimer matches in more historical sources. Perhaps Vortimer may match the likes of Aurelius Ambrosius (DEB) or Riotimus (HF, Gaetica) or Vortipore (DEB) or Ethelbert (ASC).
For example -timer resembles -timus. Or maybe Vor- resembles Aur- and -imer resembles Amr/Emrys. Or perhaps -mer resembles -bert (despite being differnt languages).
In anycase this means Arthur matches at least two persons in Arthurian sources.

Uter/Uther/Iubher/Gwythyr
"terrible warrior", "horrible son", "wonderful head"

Vortigern/Vortiger/Vortigen/Wurtgern/Wyrtgeorne /Vurthern/Urtigernus /Guorthegirn/Guorthigirn/Guarthi(gern) /Gwrtheyrn / Gurthrigern
"great king, overlord, hero king", "ignorant king", "proud tyrant"

Both are fathers of sons with similar names (Arthur & Gwerthefyr).
Both full names are pretty similar.
The meanings are similar.
Both start with U/Gwy- or U/Wy/Gw-.
Both have -t/th-.
Both end with similar -er/yr or -iger/gern/georne/ern/egirn/igirn/eyrn (compare Yrth/Girt).
Both have versions without a last -n.
The only major differnce is the first -r- dropped.

Artus/Arthus /Arzhur/Arthur/Arthwr/Artuir/Artur /Arturo  /Arturus/Arthurus /Arturius.

Vortimer/Guorthemir/Gwerthefyr/Gwrthefyr

Both are sons of fathers with similar names (Uther & Vortiger).
Both full names are pretty similar except for the Gw-.
Both have similar -t/th-.
Both av similar -ur/wr/uir or -efyr/emir/imer (for interchange of u/w/ui and fy/emi/ime, compare other words/names like gawr/vawr/mawr "great", gur/fir "man", Guinevere/Guanhumara/Winlogee, Urth/Yrth, Vortipore/Gwrthefyr/Gartbuir).
Both start with similar Ar- or Gwr/Gwer/Guor/Vor-, except for the minor difference of the Gw/Gu/V- in the latter, but there are some other examples/evidences of Arth- and Gwarth- or Garth- names interchanging (eg Loyngarth/Llwynarth, Garthwys & Arthwys, Gwarthur & Arthur, Arthur/Wart, Gwarthan & Artan or Arthen), or else compare that Vor- of Vortimer might possibly match Aur- of Aurelius?
Regarding that variant -ur or -us, perhaps compare Vortimer and Riotimus?

As for Merlin we have these candidates:

Merlin/Myrddin/Merlinus (Afellenaw Silvestris Caledonis Wylt Ambrosius Emrys/Embres-guletic Aurelius Carmarthen/Caerfyrddin, merde, Antichrist? Abros/Ambros? Caer Myrddin? Moridunon sea fort? Lailoken?) :

Melkin? Melwas? Maelgwn? Martin? Berchan? Augustine? melyn "yellow"? Merefin? Mervin/Mermenus? Ambrose of Milan? Mars? Mercury? Nimrod? Druid? Mordred/Smerbie? myriad? merle "blackbird"? merde "dung"? Ermenric?* Meurig/Mavricus? Amr/Anir? Lailoken? Aneirin/Neirin? Weald? Guitolinus? Ninnian? Vortimer?* Vortigern?* Mary? St Mildrid? Mellitus? Ambrosius?* Germanus? Maun/Moses/Patrick? Mark/Marcus/Cunomorus? Meirchion (DMN)? Menw? Belyn's Gate (London)? Milden Hall?

-----

I'll just post an addenda on candidates for the "Mary" of Arthur's Guinnion battle. The cult of Mary can't come before 431 ad when it first spread west from Byzantine area. The cult of Mary is supposed to have not reached Britain until the 600s, and if this is true then the "Virgin/Mary/Mother" of Guinnion must be some other person or thing. I have thought of all possible candidates and think she may be one of the ones below or similar.

Biblical:
Mary/Mara/Miriam (Mary mother of Jesus, Mary Magdalene).
Mariamne (Herodian).

Roman/Classical/Saints:
Artemis/Diana (virgin, Ephesus)
Cleopatra
Flora
St Materiana
Maia/May
Poppaea (wife of Nero)
Perpetua (wife of Peter)
Stella Maris (Isis/Venus/Mary)
Sulis Minerva
Theodora.

British/Welsh/Celtic:
Artio
Arduinna
Boadicea/Victoria/lioness
Claudia daughter of Caractacus
Sulis Minerva

Arthurian/Welsh/British:
Anna/Morgause (sister of Arthur, HRB/DGB)
Angleica (spouse/wife of Arthur)
Brigit (AC, Richard of Cirencester)
Blodeuwedd (Craig y Dinas)
Ceridwen (Hanes Taliesin)
Castle of Maidens
Diana/Nemorensis (virgin, HRB/DGB 1:11)
Elaine
Enid
Faerie Queen Caelia
Genuissa/Gwenwisa (dtr of Caesar/Claudius, HRB, 24 ks doc)
Guinevere/Guanumara/Winlogee (wife of Arthur)
Guales (queen of Welsh, HRB/DGB)
Gwawl (mother of Cunedda)
Gwendolen
Helena (St Michael's Mt, HRB)
Holy Grail (Mary in some views like the Ark)
Igraine/Igerna (Arthur's mother, HRB)
Iseut/Yseut
Lady of Shallot/Astolat
Lady of the Lake
Lioness (mother of Constantine, DEB)
Mab/Medb/Maeva
Martia/Marsia (HRB)
Mary/Mari Lwyd (Guinnion/Badon, Wedale, ancestor of David, HB)
Morgana
Mother of Merlin (St Peter's, Carmarthen, HRB)
Modron
Nimue
Olwen (C&O)
Rowena (daughter of Hengist)
Sabrina (HRB)
Severa/Sevira (daughter of Maximus/Vortigern, Eliseg)
Ursula
Vivian/Vivien.

Associates of Arthur candidates:
Aldeberge/Bertha (wife of Aethelbert)
Badda (Spanish queen)
Baduhenna/Badones "goddess(es)"
Book of Hours of the Virgin associated with St Ninnian
Dover/Dubris
Domina Ivlaine "Lady Juliane" (Hoxne Hoard)
Eafe (Kentish Royal Legend)
"Kentish men remember, Christ & St Mary" in 694
Mildrid (Kentish Royal Legend)
Margaret (Dover)
Mary (Dover, Reculver, Portchester, Winchester)
Maid Marian/Marion
Maiden Castle?
Ricole
Santa Maria de Bretona (Galicia)
'St Mary on the Rock' of Fife
Winifred (Arthur of Bradley).

Astronomical/Zodiacal:
Ursa Major/Minor (Great Bear).

Atlantean:
Clito.

Unless Mary is a corruption of a male/masuline name like Emrys or Mars or Merlin/Myrddin or Martin.

mean wrongs and lying mental claims

Another week gone with them all again purposely refusing to stop this constant ringing sound from neighbours heat pumps or whereever else going all day and night every day and night (for 3-4 years so far). Another weekend now arrived to suffer it still constantly going all the time (and it can't be blocked out with fingers/plugs only with other louder noise). These effing scum globalist pig criminals and cowards and liars and slavers are purposely never going to stop it all my "life" knowing they can get away with it because I am trapped powerless and can't stop them and if I get too angry the effing evil scum just call the police / mental health on me for supposedly being "unwell" (ignoring that it is only this constant real external ringing sound that is making me "unwell").

This whole western world is a big fake appearance of freedom etc, but it is all a big lie/deception, they doing everything on purpose and it is total subtle slavery.

This ringing sound inside my flat from outside of my flat/yard has gone constantly every second all day and night every day and night for 3-4 years and they have and still are purposely refusing to stop it.

No one cares.
No one values me.
No one loves me.
I am just a fluoridated brain slave of this evil meal cruel globalist regime.
God is mean and cruel and injust.
This western world regime is mean and cruel and injust.
You can ban me from groups and forums and face book but I will not be silent or submit to constant daily mean cruel hell slavery.
Banning me won't stop the problem. Stop doing constant daily man cruel hell wrongs to me like forcing fluoridation inside me every meal every day, forcing me to keep hearing this constant ringing sound from neighbours heat pumps, and many other constant daily mean cruel hell wrongs.

God will judge everyone some day. And even if there is no God world history proves that you will all fall and be overthrown some day in centuries to come. You are not gods you are mean cruel coward slavers.

Is Riothamus the original King Arthur?

 
Is Riothamus the or a possible origin of "(King) Arthur"? Below we have collated all possible similar parallels between the stories of Riothamus and Arthur. From this list of parallels it looks like it is difficult to say for sure whether Riothamus is or isn't a likely origin of Arthur. In my paper Who Was Arthur I surveyed 34 candidates for the original Arthur and I concluded that the 3 most likely candidates are Ambrosius, Vortimer, or Ethelbert. It looks like Riothamus is abit more likely than I thought when I finished that paper, though I'm not sure if he is as likely as the 3 mentioned candidates. But some of the intriguing parallels below do make me wonder if Riothamus is likely to be the same as Ambrosius and/or Vortimer, and since both these latter are strong candidates for being Arthur it may mean Riothamus might indeed possibly be Arthur.


Riothamus' name is variously read Rigotamos, Riothamus, Riothamo, Riutimus, Riotamos, Riatha(m), Riat(h)am, Riatav, R(h)iadaf, Rhiotavwys, Rhundremrud, some of which readings are maybe similar to Arthmael or Artorius/Arthur/Artus or Arthus or Artognou or Athrwys/Atroys or Arthwys/Arthuis (or Garthwys) or Arthwyr or Vortimer or Ambrosius/Emrys or Aurelius or Rhittagawr/Ritho/Rience or Artemis or Rustem/Rustam or Rutupi or Hamo's Port (HRB) or Rothmund?

Riothamus' name means "great/high/superlative/supreme king" or "most kingly, king-most, kingliest" or "freest", which meaning might relate to either
Gwledig Macsen / Maximus whose name means "great(est)", or
Vortigern "great king, overlord", or
Ambrosius who was "great king among Britons" (HB), or
"Magnanimous Arthur" (HB), or
Arthur (ard "high" vawr "great"), or
Arthur is supposed to have been a king / high king / emperor (HRB/DGB), or
"the great king Mailcun" (HB 62) & "Maelgwn was a great king of the Britons" (Saints Lives).

Riothamus was called king of the Britons by Jordanes, though he might match Riatham a prince of Domnonee (Brittany).
Arthur is supposed to have been a British king / high king / emperor.
Ambrosius who was "great king among Britons" (HB).

Riatham's brother Riwal is duke, Arthur is dux, Ambrosius is duce.

Riatham is father of Ionas.
Iona is a companion of Arthur in Culhwch & Olwen.

Riothamus was a Romano-British "military leader", and he fought against the Getae/Goths/Visigoths. (Riothamus came with 12000 men, and Riatham may be brother of Riwal who came with many ships.)
Arthur was a miles "soldier" and dux bellorum "leader of battles" of the Britons, and he fought against Pagans/Saxons/dog-heads (HB, Irish HB, LF, PG, HRB/DGB).
The leader at Badon in Gildas seemingly can only be Ambrosius.
Or, at the same time as Riothamus and in the same source that mentions him there is also a Count Paul who with the Romans and Franks made war on the Goths (Gregory of Tours), which also/alternatively resembles Arthur (who may have functioned like a Count of the Saxon Shore, and whose 9 battle sites in the ND might match the 9 Saxon Shore sites).

Riothamus fought Goths (Germanic/Teutonic/Nordic).
Arthur conquered Gothland in the HRB/DGB.
Arthur fought Saxons (Germanic/Teutonic/Nordic) in the HB etc.

Riothamus was Romano-British.
Riatham is in a Latin Breton genealogy.
Arthur is supposed to have been British/Welsh and maybe Roman.
Ambrosius was "half Roman" (OEC). (Ambrosius is a Roman whose parents wore the purple in the DEB.
Ambrose/Embres/Emrys is son of no (mortal) father/man or of a Roman consul and a woman of Campus Electi in Glevesing (Bassalig in Monmouth) in the HB. Ambrosius's parents are not mentioned in the HB.
Ambrosius is son of Constantine in the HRB. Merlin is son of no father or an unknown father or a person in the shape of a young man (possibly an incubus) and a daughter of the king of Dimetia or of noble birth at St Peter's, Carmarthen.)

Riothamus' date is circa 458/460/467/468/469/470/472.
Ambrosius has a dates range of 400 - 4 + 12 (HB), or ca 429-450/456 (1st victory, Bede's EH), or 455 ("ASC", Brynjulfson), ca 460 (Brynjulfson), or "460-470" ("Ambrosius' battles"), or between 460 & 470/542 (numbers slain as dates, HRB/DGB), or 467 ("AC", Brynjulfson), or in the time of Zeno 474-491 (Bede), or 479 (major chronicle annals, Wiki), or 5658 + 373 + 28 + 12 (HB).
Arthur's maximum dates range in traditional Arthurian sources is 421-547/560/584 (and 631-650/665).
Malory has the Grail quest in 450.
The HRB/DGB has 460 slain in the Long Knives massacre, and has 470 slain in Arthur's battle of Badon/Bath, and some think that the number slain may be a date.
Arthur's first few battles in the HB might match the 455, 457 & 465 battles in the ASC.
Arthur might match Vortimer who was around in circa 455/457-466/473.
Malory's Morte is 1000 yrs from 470.
Arthur is not mentioned in the Gallic chronicles (452 & 511).
Arthur might be Vortimer who was son of Vortigern whose dates range is 390 (Kamlesh G), 396-400 (HB) to 425/426/428 (Hergest) to 447 (HB), 449 (ASC), 455 (ASC).
Gildas' dates range is 421 to 570/572
Badon is year 71/72 in the Welsh Annals.

Riothamus is connected with Euric (in Jordanes) who lived in circa 440-484 which is a 44 yrs period.
Riothamus is connected with Geatica chapter/section 45.
Riothamus was a contemporary of the 45th/46th/47th pope.
Arthur is the leader at Badon in the HB section 50/56, and Badon is connected with a period of 40/43/44/45 yrs in the DEB of Gildas (whose maximum traditional dates range is 421-572). (The leader at Badon in th DEB seems to be Ambrosius.)

Jordanes wrote about Riothamus only about 80 yrs (2 x 40) after his presumed death.
Ambrosius was "83 yrs old".
St Patrick 80 yrs (HB)?
Some think Gildas wrote about Badon 40/44 yrs after the event.
Gildas might have died aged 78 (one of Evans three scenarios)?

Riothamus was contemporary with the 45th pope Leo Magnus (440-461) & 46th pope Hilarius (461-468) & 47th pope Simplicius (468-483).
Arthur is supposed to be contemporary with pope Supplicius in the HRB/DGB (who is either Simplicius, or Symmachus of 446 or 485 or 498-514 or 522), and also contemporary with the emperor Leo and/or emperor Lucius Tiberius in the HRB (despite the HRB having the date of Camlan as 542).
Patrick was a contemporary of the 43rd pope Celestine in the HB, and Arthur's battles come immediately before or after the Patrick section in the HB.
Atilla was a contemporary of the 45th pope Leo.
It is interesting that Arthurian sources feature the 43rd & 45th & 47th popes who are all close together.

Riothamus was last seen/heard of somewhere near Mt Dol / Deols or Avallon/Bourges in Burgundy or some other place elsewhere in Burgundy in Gaul/France. It is not known what became of Riothamus after the battle of Deols.
Arthur's body was taken to Avalon/Avallon in the HRB/DGB.
"KA's grave not known", "an eternal wonder is the grave of Arthur" (Black Book of Carmarthen), "nowhere seen" (William of Malmesbury).
Deols maybe resembles Samson of Dol/Dole (Brittany), Mont-Dol (Mont Saint Michel), Castle Dore, Eldol, Carduel, or the Mt and -don of Mt Badon? Some have linked Angers/Andegavum & Bourges/Bretagne & Mt Dol / Deols/Mt Dol in primary sources on Riothamus with Agned/Bregion & Montem Dolorosum' "the Mountain of Sorrow".

Riothamus may have crossed over from Britain to Gaul/France, and he was certaily in Gaul/France/Burgundy. Riothamus might be the same as Riatham the brother or grandson of Riwal(us) dux/duke of the Britons who went across from Britain to Brittany in the time of Clothar (ca 497-561) in the Latin Breton Genealogy of St Winnoc (11th cent).
Ambrosius was in Gaul/France or Armorica/Brittany in the HRB/DGB.
Arthur crossed over from Britain to Gaul/France in the HRB/DGB. Arthur has alot of French & Breton ties in later literature.

Riothamus may have come from Britain. *
Arthur was in "(the island of) Britain" (DEB, HB, HRB/DGB, AC).

(* If Riothamus only came from Brittany why did he cross the ocean? Sure sea power came before landpower in geopolitics, but it seems strange coming to Gaul/France from Brittany by ship. And as we have noted, Riothamus' crossing is similar to Riwal's, and the latter's is said to be from Britain.
Also wouldn't such a large number of men as 12000 better fit Britain than Brittany?)

Riothamus features in the Historia Francorum of Gregory of Tours.
Arthur deatures in the Historia Britonum of Nennius/Mark.

Riothamus may match Riatham prince of Domnonee.
Ambrosius was son to the king of Dumnonii.
Geraint of Devon?
Some people think Arthur was in the Lyonesse / Cornwall / Devon/Danmonia / Somerset / Dorset corner of England (Tintagel, Cam/Camel, Cadbury, Glastonbury, Bath, Badbury).

Sidonius Apollinaris sent a letter to Riothamus requesting his judgement for a person who had had his slaves enticed away by a group of Britons, and asking for help to quell unrest among the Bretons.
Emperor Anthemius requested Riothamus' help against the Goths.
Arvandus sent a letter to Euric saying the Britons should be attacked.
Riothamus was betrayed by the praetorian prefect of Gaul.
Compare the above with these following from Arthurian sources:
Britons sent appeals for help to Aetius.
Aetius & Anthemius are similar?
(An Egidius also appears in Gregory of Tours too, and his name is also similar to Agitius/Aetius. Aegidius 464?)
Lucius Tiberius sent letter to Arthur demanding tribute (HRB/DGB).
Some of Lucius Tiberius' men "surrender themselves for slaves" (HRB).

Riothamus is contemporary of Lucerius 469-470 who might be the origin of Lucius Tiberius who Arthur fought.

Riothamus was a contemporary of the emperor Julius Valerius Majorian, Libius Severianus Severus, Procopius Anthemius, Anicius Olybrius, Leo I the Great/Butcher.
Arthur was supposedly a contemporary of the emperor Leo and/or emperor Lucius Tiberius/Hiberius in the HRB/DGB, and Arthur was supposedly emperor in some sources. (Note: king Lucius is king Lles in Welsh.)

Riothamus came with 12000 soldiers.
Riatham may be brother of Riwal who came with many ships.
Arthur was leader of battles for the kings of the Britons and fought 12 battles.
Arthur was at "(the) city of (the) legion(s)".
A full legion was 6000/6200 men & 300/730 horse.
840/940/960 slain at Badon (HB).
Natanleod and 5000 slain 508 (ASC)? Gwledig Naw Cant Lliwed "ruler of 900 (warrior) companies"?
Round Table of 12/24/150 knights?
Some think the Round Table was an amphitheatre. An amphitheatre could hold ... people.
Arthur had a legion of 6666 men in the HRB/DGB.
"Carmarthen / (city of the) 1000(0) (soldiers)"?
1000 sons (Taliesin)? 
Baldulph had 6000 men (HRB).
Vortimer raised an army of 300000 men (HRB).
Ambrosius & Uther arrived with 10000 men including 3000 Armoricans/Bretons (HRB).
Uther had 15000 men (HRB).
Arthur sent Cador with 3000 footmen (HRB).
Hoel sent Arthur 15000 men (HRB).
Cador had command of 10000 men (HRB).
Hoel attended with 10000 men (HRB).
Arthur had a force of 60000 Britons plus 120000 from other provinces and 80000 + 1200 from Gaul totalling 183200 in his campaign against Lucius (HRB).
Arthur's force contained 7 bodies of 5555 men (HRB).
St Patrick ordained 3000 priests and baptised 12000 persons (HB).

Sidonius says Riothamus had a "burdensome and delicate sense of honour which makes you so ready to blush for others' faults".
Arthur was "magnanimous" in the HB.
Arthur "showed his bounty & munificence to the people" (HRB).
Ambrosius was "a modest man" in the DEB.

"an obscure and humble person" mentioned in Sidonius' letter to Riothamus may be similar to Ambrosius was a modest man in the DEB?

Riothamus may appear in Breton genealogies as Riat(h)am.
Ambrosius's name maybe appears in Breton genealogies as Abros.

There was a great plague at the time of Riothamus (Gregory of Tours).
This might match the plague at time of Camlan or the plague at the time of Maelgwn's death (Welsh Annals).

Riothamus and Childericus Aurilanus/Aurilanis/Orleans both appear in Gregory of Tours. Childeric's name is similar to Cherdic and Cerdic/Cedric who Arthur fights in the the HRB/DGB. Aurilanus is similar to the Aureli(an)us first/last name of Ambrosius, and/or Urien(s) and/or Urbe/Urbs legionis an/or Verulam which all feature in Arthurian sources.

Riothamus was maybe betrayed by one of his supposed allies Arvandus (disputed), and Riothamus was then defeated in the battle of Deols.
Arthur was betrayed by one of his advisers Mordred, and most of his army died at the battle of Camlan.

Riothamus may be Riatham who is connected with St Winnoc(h) whose name is similar to Guinnion (HB) or Guinevere/Winlogee (Modena Archivolt)?

Riothamus came against the Visigoths in between 470 and 472, and the emperor died in 472.
Arthur came against the Romans in Gaul and slew Lucius Tiberius.

Riothamus was routed by the Goths before the Romans could join him.
Arthur was defeated before Lancelot could join him?

Riothamus was stationed beyond the Loire.
Maybe compare Logiore in life of St Patrick (which comes immediately after/before the 12 battles of Arthur in the HB)?

Maybe Arthur Pen-dragon is from Riatham son of Deroch?

About the same time as Riothamus and in the same source that mentions him there is also a Count Paul(os) who with the Romans and Franks made war on the Goths, and after this Childeric came and slew him (Gregory of Tours).
This Count Paul might possibly connect with any of a number of persons with names like Paul in Arthurian sources.
St Paul/Pol Aurelian de Leon (Breton).
"St Peter & Paul escort pope Leo the great at meeting with Atilla" or "St Peter & Paul attend Leo & Atilla" (anonymous chronicler of medieval period, & Raphael).
Cavloc & Pavloc "Saul & Paul" in Sutton Hoo.
Count Paul(os) in the section of Gregory of Tours Historia Francorum which mentions Riothamus.
Pabo Post Prydain "Pillar of Britain" (Descent of the Men of the North, & Welsh Annals).
Peblig (24 kings & 33 cities document).
Relics of Paulenan (Vita Gurthiern, Saints Lives)?
Poulentus master of soliders, earth swallowed up (Vita Iltud)?
Paulinus/Polin Esgob/Pawl Hen (HB, AC, confounded with Rhun son of Urien or Maelgwn).
Ethelbert buried in the church of Peter & Paul at Canterbury?
The -pore of Vortipore's name maybe also resembles Pol/Paul?
From my surveyings of Arthurian sources there are also a number of Peter like names too, and it seem that Arthur may be connected with either or both the name Peter or Patrick, and/or the name Paul.
And/or Paul making war on the Goth resembles Arthur battling the Saxons (HB) and/or the Romans (HRB), and Paul being a Count might link with Arthur who "may have functioned like a Count of the Saxon Shore", and whose 9 battle sites in the HB might match the 9 Saxon Shore sites?

References/sources / acknowledgements/credits / bibliography:
Sidonius Apollinaris
Geoffrey Ashe
Biographies of early Breton Saints.
Sean Bambrough 'Who Was Arthur'.
Britannia.com
OM Dalton
Leon Fleur(i)ot
Chris Gwin (King) Arthur's Pedigree
Kamlesh G. arthurianweb.wordpress.com
Caleb Howells
Jordanes Gaetica / Origin & Deeds of the Goths ca 551
Latin Breton Genealogy of St Winnoc(h)
Christian Leutjohann
Mona E. comments in youtube.
CEV Nixon
Gregory of Tours Historia Francorum
Alan Wilson & Blackett The King Arthur Conspiracy, The Discovery of the Ark of the Covenant.
Wikipedia.

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Appended list of dates of main major Arthur candidates of others and/or ours. (Scholars/authors who proposed or support or agree with the candidates are in brackets after the name of the candidate. Sources of the dates are in brackets after the dates.)

Arthur: Draco & Ursa (Hitching), 3349 bc (Waddell), Bronze Age (Drou or Dale), Ursus 776-742 bc (me), the bear in Daniel, Deoartavo(i)s 47-67 (me), LAC 180 (Arthur, Infopedia), gen Ursicinus 349-359? 350/383 (Morris)? antipope Ursinus 366? 421 (CMSM or other source), contemporary of Gildas 421-512/572 (Sts Lives, DEB), Ursus 422? Badon/Halleluyah 429 (Bede), Badon 430-440 (Higham), grail 450/454/487 (Malory), not 452 (Gallic), 459-475 (Albericus), after Long Knives massacre 460 (HRB), during pope Hilarius 461 (Salzbury Annals, Polonius, Preis), during Aegidius 461-464 (Guise), "b 465"? during pope Supplicius 468-483 (HRB), Badon 470 (HRB), Badon 482 (easter cycle, McCarthy & OCroinin), Badon 485 (Snyder), Badon 485-520 (Wood), 486 (Wiki), grail 487 ad (Malory), Badon 490s (Wood), Badon 492/493-516 (Jackson, Evans, Cooper), , Badon 492/493 (DEB, Bede), Badon 494-497 (Morris), contemp of Cerdic 494/495-516/534 (HRB), Badon 496/497 (Wiki), 499-511/518 (Badon, Brynjulfson), Badon 500 (average, Dumville, Jackson, Wiki), Badon 501 (DEB, Evans), not 511 (Gallic), Badon 516/518 (AC, 24 kings doc, Kamlesh G, Ashe), subdues Ireland 519, Badon 520 (Wood, Ashe), died 537/539 (AC), great victory 540/640 (Shakespeare & the Welsh), died 542 (HRB, Stow & Warner), Badon 546 (AC), until Ida 547/560/584 (HB, ASC), Badon 554 (Hergest), Badon/Baodan/Baetan/Baitan 566/567, Badon/Wibbandune 568 (Bambrough), Arthuret 573 (AC), Camlan after Arthuret 573 (Triads), "abdicated in 574 (541 yrs after the crucifiction)", Camlan 576 (Hergest), peace ends 577 (Wiki), Badon 577, 580 (Simon Stirling), 582/586/588 (Ardrey), Arthari 586? 589/587/586 (queen Badda/Baddo as Badon), Badon/Woddesbeorg 591 (Bambrough), City of the Legion 602/614 (P Sullivan), Badon/Beandune/Bampton 614, Badon/Badr 624, Arthus 631-650 (Swedish king list), Badon 634 (ACb), great victory 640 (Shakespeare & the Welsh, 650 (Wace, Morris), Badon/Pontesbury 661 (Hunt), Badon/Luith Feirn/Fortrenn 664 (Ulster), Badon 665 (AC), Badon/Bedwin 675 (Charles, ASC), 700 (Arthur, Infopedia), Arthgen 807 (AC, Evans, me), Badon 840/940/960 (HB), Badon/Brunandune 939 (Bambrough)? Badon 940/960 (HB, Bambrough)? Alan of Brittany (Zoetropo).

Arthur in the Y Gododdin of 538, 570, Raith 596 (Wiki), Catraeth 598 (Wiki), Catraeth 600 (Wiki), 638, 668 (Ulster)

Aurelius Ambrosius / Ambrosius Aurelius / Merlin (HRB/DGB, L Fleuriot, Bambrough) : (Aurelius 145 ASC?) 400 - 4 + 12 (HB),  5658 + 373 + 28 + 12 (HB), ca 429-450/456 (1st victory, Bede's EH), 455 ("ASC", Brynjulfson), ca 460 (Brynjulfson), battles "460-470", between 460 & 470/542 (numbers slain as dates, HRB/DGB), 467 ("AC", Brynjulfson), in the time of Zeno 474-491 (Bede), 479 (major chronicle annals, Wiki), Pol Aurelian synod ca 545?, 573 (AC), Pol Aurelian de Leon d 575?

A(i)rt &/or Robin son of Art &/or Luthor/Liber son of Art (B Walker, Bambrough) : 552-540 bc, 414-407 bc, ad 220-250

Artuir Mac Aedan/Aethan (A Ardrey, DF Carroll, M Wood) after 558 (AC), 582 (A of C), fought 603 (ASC), before Aedan died 607 (AC), before Aidan died 651 (ASC)?

Ardaburius (S Bambrough) d 471 (Castelden)

Athrwys ap Meurig (Wilson & Blackett, C Howells, Mona E) after 584, 630, (849 AC, 939 AC.)

Arthwys ap Mar (Keegan)

Aethelbert/Ethelbert (Bambrough) born 552 (ASC), ascended 560 (ASC), fought/pursued 568 (ASC), r 594 (AC), 597, 604 (ASC), died 616 (Bambrough), 5618 am (ASC)

Arthus (Beorna or Sidney, Bambrough) 631-650 (Swedish king list, Hoeh)

Arthuret/Arfderyd/Armterid (Bambrough) before Camlan 537 (Triads), 573 (AC), 593 (Hergest)

Arthen (Bambrough) d 807 (AC, Evans)

Athelstan (Bambrough) Athelstaneford 836, d 898 (AC), victory 938 (AC), d 941 (AC)

Aurelius Ursicinus / "Mild King"? (Aspin, Bambrough) 350-450? 364? 408? treasure 418 (ASC)? booty/spoils 473? treasures 584? plunder 658? 684? 870?

Arthari 586

Atilla the Hun king (Bambrough) 434-453, war 443 (ASC)

Aelle the Tyrant (Bambrough) Alleuia victory 429? came 477 (ASC), 485, 490/491 (ASC), d ca 515, r 560 (ASC), Alleuia 580 (Gregory), 581, d 588 (ASC), Alleuia (Augustine), before 617 (ASC).

Andred (Bambrough) 477 (ASC), Cayburn 488 (local tradition), 490/491 (ASC), 756

Arviragus (Bambrough) 17 (24 kings doc), 46/47.

Artur father of Feradach ca 697

Arthur map Bicoir ca 620/625

Authari (Bambrough) 584-590

Amal (Bambrough) 530

Alaric (Bambrough)

Agilulf (Bambrough) 590/591-615/616

Bran/Brendan (Bambrough) b 584, d 574 (AC), d 577 (Brewers)

Constantine (Bambrough) 407, 589 (AC).

Cerdic/Cedric (K Han) interpreter of Hengist (HRB), arrived/shore 494/495 (ASC), 496 (Wiki), ford 508 (ASC), shore 514, 516, ascended/ford 519 (ASC), leaga 527, 530 (ASC), died 534 (ASC), 604-614, d 616 (AC), Ceretic of Elmet d 619 (Wiki), Caradog d 798 (AC)

Cunedda (Bambrough) 328-389, ear 5th c, 443/446, Condida d 571/577 (ASC)?

Cadwallon I Lawhir (Bambroudh) 55, 443-517

Cadwalla/Cadwallon II (Bambrough) 47 (24 kings doc), 55, seige 629 (AC), victory 630 (AC), d 631 (AC), 633 (ASC), 634, 635 (24 kings doc)

Catgulart/Cadwaladr/Ceadwall/Peter (Bambrough) 600s, field of leeks 633/640, 658, 664 (Hergest), d 682 (AC), 684 (Ethelwerd), 685 (ASC, 24 kings doc), 686 (ASC), 687 (ASC), d 688 (ASC), d 689 (HRB/DGB)

Count of the Saxon Shore (Dawson, Bambrough) : forts ca 270/293, 360 (Wiki), count Theodosius 368, 380, 395/400s/420/420s/428 (ND), revolt 452 (Wiki)?

Count Paul (Bambrough) 460/470

Crown found in East Anglia or Essex? (Bambrough).

Cissa/Assa (Bambrough) 477 (ASC), 490/492 (ASC/Ethelwerd), (Nothgyth Quest, History Files)

Dungart(h)/Domingart/Domangart (Bambrough) 558 (AC), 875 (AC)

Ethelric (Bambrough) 588 (ASC), 593 (ASC), bef Ethelings 617 (ASC), bef Ethelings 729 (ASC)

Ethelhere/Aethelhere (Bambrough) 655 (ASC)

Eliffer/Elifert (Bambrough) 573 (AC), 580 (AC)

Eliseg (Bambrough)

Geraint/Grant/Gerentius/Wuthgirete of Devon/Dumnonia (Bambrough) 500/501 (ASC), 710/712 (ASC, Ethelwerd)

Germanus of Auxerre (Bambrough) Halleluyah victory 429, 2nd visit 447, d 448, 480/480s (Vita)

Gap between the Bretwaldas 491-556/560, 670-802

Gartna(i)ch / Gartnait((h)boc) / Arthnac (D Bullen) 217-221, 536-543, 588-599, 663-669

Gildas Auctor (Bambrough) 421 (CMSM or other source)? b not later than 498 (Life of David), born "c 500", "gap in DEB 500-550" (Carroll)? wrote/died 512 (W of M), wrote 546 (1648 Habingtontranslation, HB 31), contemporary of Ainmericus/Ainmire 548-551, to Eire 565 (AC), contemporary of Ainmericus/Ainmire 566-569, died 570/572 (AC, Irish, Wiki), contemporary of Ainmericus/Ainmire 573-576, Hilda died 680 (ASC, Ethelwerd)?

Gwarddur/Gwarthur or Garthwys Hir in the Y Gododdin of 538, 570, Raith 596 (Wiki), Catraeth 598 (Wiki), Catraeth 600 (Wiki), 638, 668 (Ulster)

Golden Dragon banner at battle of Bereford/Hereford (Bambrough) 735, 752 (ASC), 756, 760 (Wiki)

Heliodorus (D Bullen)

Lucius Artorius Castus (L Malcor) (after 80s, after 114, after 117,) 121, (122?) 161? 166, (167? 170? 174? 175?) 180 (Infopedia), (181?) 184? 185 (Malcor), 191, (193? 196? 197? 211? 212?)  215? (227?) 232? (before 239, before 252.)

Lucius Artorius Castus (K Malone, H Nickel, CS Littleton & L Malcor, CS Littleton & AC Thomas, Infopedia) (after mid 1st cent,) mid/late 2nd cent &/or early/mid 3rd cent.

Lakenheath sword (Bambrough) 5th-7th cent.

Mildenhall (Bambrough).

Muircheartach Mor Mace(a)rc(a)/Macerp (D Pestano) brother Drust 408-453? (brother Necton 457-482?) brother Loarn 503-513? brother Fearghus 503/513-529? ruled/reigned 513-533, d 534, before Baetan 566/567/572/581/623.

Maximus (Bambrough) 381 (ASC), 383 (24 kings doc), Petronius Maximus 422?

Maelgwn (Bambrough) d 547/549 (AC), Mailcun 559? Coinmagil 571/577 (ASC)? at Arthuret 573 (DMT), 581 (24 kings), d 586 (Hergest), succeeded 590

Niall of the 9 Hostages (Bambrough) 377-405/450 (MRD, KRS)

Natanleod / Brettisc Cyning 508 (ASC)

No gains gap (Brynjulfson, Bambrough) 519-552 (ASC)

Ninnian (Bambrough) : longbefore 560 (ASC).

Odoacer/Adovacrius (Bambrough) ca 460/470 (Greg of Tours)

Pol Aurelian de Leon (Bambrough) David 10 years under Pol 514, synod ca 545, d 575

Pabo Post Prydain "Pillar of Britain" (Bambrough) 595

Peredur (Hunt, Bambrough) 573 (AC), 580 (AC), 593 (Hergest), bef 614 (Wiki)

pope Adeodatus (Bambrough)

pope Pelagius (Bambrough)

Riothamus (G Ashe, Mona E, L Fleuriot) 458/460/467/468/469/470/472

Rhodri Mawr (Bambrough) 720, d 754 (AC), d 877 (AC), bef 880 (AC), d 904 (AC), bef 909 (AC), bef 943 (AC), d 954 (AC)

Rothari (Bambrough) 636-628-652/653

Riwal(us) ca 497/511-558/561

Riat(h)am was either 1st or 2nd generation before Riwal (497/511-558/561), or brother of Riwal (497/511-558/561), or grandson of Riwal (497/511-558/561). *
Ritham is father/grandfather of Ionas/Iudual (511-558) and great great grandfather of Iudicael (629-639).

* In the Genealogy of St Winnoc we find that Riatham's date is either:
1. Riwal "II" & Ionas or Iudual are both 511-558. In which case Riatham as grandfather of Iudual or father of Jonas makes Riatham 2nd or 1st generation before Riwal "II" (of 497/511-558/561), and so Riatham could be Riothamus (of 460-470).
2. If the two Riwals in the two lists are the same then Riatham is Riwal's grandson and since Riwal is 497/511-558/561 Riatham as 2nd generation after Riwal is pretty surely too late for Riothamus (of 460-470).
3. If the Derochs are the same then Riatham is Riwal "II"'s brother, and Riwal of 497/511-558/561 is 25 + years after Riothamus was last heard of (458/460-470/472) and so Riatham may or may not be the same as Riothamus. This scenario might link with Riwal went across the sea with many ships from Britain to Brittany matches Riothamus crossed the ocean with 12000 maybe-from Britain to Gaul/France.

Recceswinth (Bambrough) 649-672

Rhun map Urien (Bambrough) 470 (HB), 626 (AC), 892

Sutton Hoo man (M Wood, Bambrough) coins 491-518, "500", over 100 yrs before not earlier than 620, coins 578-582-602, Maurice &/or Tiberius 583, coins 588/595-612, Woddesbeorg 591 (ASC)? "not earlier than 620", "640s/650/660"

St Benedict (Bambrough): born ca 480 (Wiki), shone 482 (ASC), (Bendigeid-fran/Bran/Brendan 484-577?) abandoned studies & left home ca 500, ascended to heaven 509 (ASC Cotton MS), rule of 516 (Dugdale, Dodsworth), left Subiaco & settled in Monte Cassino 529 (Benedict XVI), rule of 529 (Pears, Parker), died 536 (Matthew of Westminster), died 543 (Benedict XVI, Wiki), died ca 547 (tradition), (Pope Benedict 574-578/579?) mentioned in Gregory's Dialogues 593 (ASC, Wiki),
(Benedict Biscop/Baducing 628-689/690? Pope Benedict 635-685? Benedictus Crispus abp of Milan died 725/732?
Pope Benedict 983, 1022, 1058-1059?)

St Patrick/Maun/Moses (Bambrough) 365 books? b 387/389 (Brewer's), 403 (popular writers & folk piety), came 405 (HB), 421 (HB)? left 428 (AC), sent 429/430 (ASC), arrived/landed 432 (Irish Annals, Brewer's), 433 (Life of Patrick), arrival 438 (HB), d 457 (AC), consul 459? d 461/462 (Irish Annals, Brewer's), 492 (Irish Annals), letter to Coroticus 496-508, consul 500? relics 553 (60 yrs later, Irish Annals)

St Martin &/or 'Fred' the skeleton found in St Martin le Grand in Dover (Mintz, Bambrough) b 371 (Brewer's), d 400 (Brewer's), d 444 (ASC), calends Martii 538 (ASC)? St Martin's church Hwiterne long before 560 (ASC), Aureo 561, d 580 (Galicia), Martinus 641, Pope Martin 649-655, at St Martin's 1061.

Staffordshire Hoard (Bambrough) "680-740" or "7th-8th cent".

Theodosius the brown bear count SS 367/369, r 423 (ASC)

Urien(s) (Bambrough) 567, 575 (Wiki), 590, 596-597/600 (Wiki), before 626 (AC)

Ursus 422

Antipope Ursinus (Bambrough) 366

Ursus/White Bear/House of the Bear (Bambrough)

Vortigern 390 (Kamlesh G), 396-400 (HB 66), 400 (HB), 425/426/428 (Hergest), invite 447 (HB), invite 449 (ASC, Ethelwerd), fought 455 (ASC)

Vortimer (S Bambrough) 455/456/457-466/473 (HB, ASC, HRB, Evans, Aspin, Wiki).

Victor (Bambrough)

Following are dates of a few other persons who not necessarily/specifically candidates for being Arthur but who are connected with the question of when &/or who was Arthur.

Adrian 116 (ASC), 794/796 (Wiki).

Aetius: Avitus 423? Aetius 432/437? Atilla 443 (ASC)? groans/Aetius 446-454 (Wiki)? Severus Aequantius (HB)? Gratian Aequantius 447 (HB)? Avitus 455-456? Egidius 460/470 (Gregory of Tours)? Anthemius 460/470? Agapitus 517? Agapetus 535-536?

Augustine 595 (AC), 596 (ASC), 597 (ASC), 601 (ASC), 604 (ASC), 607 (ASC), 616 (ASC)

Ethelfrith 593 (ASC), 598 (Wiki), 603 (ASC)/607 (ASC), 616/617 (ASC, Wiki), 634 (ASC), 670 (ASC), 685 (ASC)

Eleutherius or Evaristus/Eucharistus 79 (Arundel, OEC), 97/99-105/107, 156 (HRB), 4160 (R of C), 161 (Arundel, OEC), 167 (HB, ASC), 171/174/175/177-185/189/193, 181 (24 kings doc), 189 (ASC),

Elmet 590 (Wiki), 633 (Wiki)

Gratian 379 (ASC), 381 (ASC)

Lothere 670 (ASC), 685?

Penda 626 (ASC), 628 (ASC), 629 (ASC), 633 (ASC), 642 (ASC), 645 (ASC), 655 (ASC), 656 (ASC), 657 (AC), 658 (ASC), 661 (ASC), 675 (ASC)

Paulinus / Pawl Hen / Polin Esgob 534, 601 (ASC), 625 (ASC), 626 (ASC), 627 (ASC), 634 (ASC), 644 (ASC)

Rheged 496 (Wiki), 730 (Wiki)

St David (Bambrough) born 458 (AC), born not later than 514 (Life of David), 10 yrs under Pol Aurelian 514, St David's 519/6th cent-1087, Ty Gwyn 527/528, great victory of Arthur on St David's (birth)day 540/640 (Shakespeare & the Welsh), died 544 (Usher), synod Llanddewi 545, 580s (Tigernach), buried by orders of Maelgwn late 6th cent (HRB), d in reign of Constantine, d 600/601 (AC, Brewer's), field of Leeks 633, great victory St David's day 640 (Shakespeare and the Welsh), St David's burnt 645 (AC).
(David's birth foretold by St Patrick. Gildas met David's pregnant mother. Gildas' birth not later than 498 mentioned in Life of David.)