Sunday, December 27, 2020

Finding the Queen of Sheba

For anyone who doesn't know, the Queen of Sheba is a person in the bible who heard of King Solomon's fame and went to visit him. It is a somewhat famous bible story. Read the bible chapters (1 Kings 10 & 2 Chronicles 9) or see the Wikipedia article on her for more details. This queen is still unfound in archaeology.

I thought I'd have another crack at trying to find a match for the Queen (of) Sheba in the New Chronology scenario of King David in the Amarna period and Shishak as Ramses 2 (which I agree with). I've always found the queen of Sheba a hard one to find and still do, and so far I can only find the below candidates in the NC timeframe. I have checked the Hebrew text and the words are Malkat Sheva "Queen (of) Sheba" but I only know enough Hebrew and Greek words to make rough translations of Old Testament verses and I don't know all the cases and grammar etc so it is possible that there might be a linguistic misunderstanding of the original text sentences as there is in the case of "Zerah the Cushite/Ethiopian". I don't have a transliteration of the Septuagint so I can't even check that (as I find different scripts to difficult to remember without having to refer to lists of letters). So there might be a possibility that the reading Queen (of) Sheba is wrong.

The Malkat/Queen (of) Sheba is variously named Sheba, Nicaule, Bilqis, Makeda, Tamrin, Aaziz in different nations' traditions, but none of these names occur in the bible except for Sheba (which is uncertain whether it is a place/people name or a person name), so we can't be sure she was associated with any of the other names. A Jewish scholar also seemed to imply that the gender of the "Queen (of) Sheba" may also be questionable (I'll have to try refind the source & details as I didn't record/remember them)..
Sheba may mean either "oath/swear" or "seven(th)/sabbath/jubilees" or "man" or "plenty" [or zeba "the army"?]
From searching maps using the details of the bible the queen can only have been either Arabian or Egyptian or Ethiopian.

These are the candidates I've come up with:

Queen of Saba, Yemen, South Arabia:

Pros:
- The name Sheba could match the name Saba in ancient Yemen.
- The camels and spices mentioned in Kings & Chronicles could match South Arabia.
- The queen said Solomon's subjects were happy. Arabia Felix means happy Arabia.
- Yemen fits "queen of the south", and Yemen could maybe fit "the ends of the earth".

Cons:
- Velikovsky said all Yemenite inscriptions were read and every stone turned in Yemen but no trace was found of the Queen of Sheba there.
- Would they have heard of Solomon's fame in Yemen which is sort of isolated and out of the way?
- I find it hard to believe the queen's train traveled all the way from Yemen to Israel.
- The dates might be abit late? Saba is dated in 3 sources "earlier 1st millenium", "ca 930" (obviously based on the queen of Sheba), "end of the 8th century". Conventional dates also tend to be too long/old.
- The queen of Sheba doesn't seem to occur in the Arabian king list.
- Sh & S might not match?

Queen of Mecca/Arabia:

Pros:
- Walker claims that a queen/goddess/matriarch named Shayba is connected with the Mecca area.
- Ashurbanipal said there were queens of the Arabians from before could be remembered.

Cons:
- There doesn't seem to have been found any archaeological evidence for the queen of Sheba in Mecca or Arabia?

Queen of Ethiopia:

Pros:
- Josephus calls the queen of Sheba queen of (Egypt &) Ethiopia.
- There is the Ethiopian tradition that the queen of Sheba was Ethiopian.
- There is a Sheba-like place/people name [Shewa/Shoa?] in Ethiopia/Abyssinia.
- Fits queen of the south.

Cons:
- The queen would have had to of traveled through Egypt to get to Israel by camel train. It is also a very long distance.
- The Ethiopian tradition is probably not very reliable.

Queen of Egypt: Ankh-esenpa-aten:

Pros:
- The queen of Sheba is queen of Egypt & Ethiopia in Josephus.
- Fits with David a contemporary of Akhenaten.
- The name Sheba might match the middle part of Ankh-esenpa-aten. (The ankh and Aten could be excluded?)
- Sheba can mean "seven". Ankhesenpaten was 1 of 6 known daughters of Nefertiti.
- Egypt could fit "queen of the south" as it is south of Israel, and Egypt is called the south in Daniel.

Cons:
- Ankh-esenpa-aten was only called that at first for a little while, she was later called Ankh-esen-amen when she was a queen.
- Egypt may not fit "from the ends of the earth".
- The camels and spices mentioned in Kings & Chronicles may not fit Egypt.

Queen of Egypt: Nefertiti:

Pros:
- The queen of Sheba is queen of Egypt & Ethiopia in Josephus.
- Fits with David a contemporary of Akhenaten.
- Sheba can mean "seven". Nefertiti was mother of 6 known daughters. Some identify Nefertiti with Taduhipa, and Hipa/Heba is similar to Sheba. She is also connected with several ushabti/shabti.
- Egypt could fit "queen of the south" as it is south of Israel, and Egypt is called the south in Daniel.
- Nefertiti first appears in scenes in Thebes. Hawass theorised that Nefertiti returned to Thebes from Amarna to rule as Pharaoh. Thebes is similar to Sheba? Thebes may match "queen of the south".

Cons:
- If Akhenaten and David were contemporary then Nefertiti might have been too old by the later part of Solomon's reign. Also if Ramses 2 was Shishak then she may be abit too early.
- Egypt may not fit "from the ends of the earth".
- The camels and spices mentioned in Kings & Chronicles may not fit Egypt.

Queen of Egypt: Smenkhkare:

Pros:
- The queen of Sheba is queen of Egypt & Ethiopia in Josephus.
- Fits with David a contemporary of Akhenaten.
- Smenkhkare's gender is disputed/uncertain and so it could be a she matching the queen of Sheba. (The queen of Sheba's gender is also maybe implied to be questioned in at least one Jewish source.)
- The name Smenkhkare/Seaakara/Saanekht is maybe similarish to the name Sheba.
- Egypt could fit "queen of the south" as it is south of Israel and Egypt is called the south in Daniel.

Cons:
- Egypt may not fit "from the ends of the earth".
- The camels and spices mentioned in Kings & Chronicles may not fit Egypt.

Queen of Egypt: Meritaten queen of Smenkhkare:

Pros:
- The queen of Sheba is queen of Egypt & Ethiopia in Josephus.
- Fits with David a contemporary of Akhenaten.
- The name Smenkhkare/Seaakara/Saanekht is maybe similarish to the name Sheba.
- Egypt could fit "queen of the south" as it is south of Israel, and Egypt is called the south in Daniel.

Cons:
- Egypt may not fit "from the ends of the earth".
- The camels and spices mentioned in Kings & Chronicles may not fit Egypt.

Queen of Egypt: KV 55 (suggestions for her/his identity include Tiy, Akhenaten, Kiya, Smenkhkare, Meritaten):

Pros:
- The queen of Sheba is queen of Egypt & Ethiopia in Josephus.
- Fits with David a contemporary of Akhenaten.
- The KV 55 coffin was originally made for a female. The body was originally thought to be a female.

Cons:
- Egypt may not fit "from the ends of the earth".
- The camels and spices mentioned in Kings & Chronicles may not fit Egypt.

Queen of Egypt: queen of Hor-em-heb:

Pros:
- The queen of Sheba is queen of Egypt & Ethiopia in Josephus.
- Fits with David a contemporary of Akhenaten.
- Sheba and the -heb of Hor-em-heb (meaning "jubilation") are similar. (Horus could be dropped/excluded?)
- Egypt could fit "queen of the south" as it is south of Israel, and Egypt is called the south in Daniel.

Cons:
- Egypt may not fit "from the ends of the earth".
- The camels and spices mentioned in Kings & Chronicles may not fit Egypt.

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